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APUSH
CH 19
| term | description 1 | description 2 |
|---|---|---|
| saloon | hosted important services to community; e.g. weddings, dances, etc. | |
| "big five" | Armour, Cudahy, Morris, Schwarzschild and Sulzberger, and Swift | dominated national market for meat and standard for monopoly capitalism in late nineteenth cent. |
| Centennial Exposition 1876 | held in Philadelphia for anticipation of industrial and technological advances in the century to come | |
| Alexander Graham Bell | 1876; patented the telephone | |
| Thomas Alva Edison | laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey | incandescent lightbulb; Edison Electric Light Company 1882 |
| Henry Ford | ||
| Wilbur and Orville Wright | 1903first airplane flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina | |
| transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 | 1880s Southern Pacific; Northern Pacific; and the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe | and the Great Northern |
| anthracite coal | ||
| Francis Wayland Ayer | Founded an agency that would handle some of the most successful advertising campaigns of the era. | |
| vertical integration | the consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, and under the direction of one firm | |
| horizontal combination | the merger of competitors in the same industry | |
| Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 | restored competition by encouraging small business and outlawing "every combination in restraint of trade or commerce." | actually helped consolidate business |
| John D. Rockefeller | Standard Oil Trust, est. 1882 | 90 percent monopoly on oil |
| gospel of wealth | Thesis that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth, implying that poverty is a character flaw. | |
| Jay Gould | speculator in railroads | "Worst Man in the World","an incarnation of cupidity and sordidness" |
| Andrew Carnegie | THE GOSPELS OF WEALTH (1889) | "there is no genuine, praiseworthy success in life if you are not honest, truthful, and fair-dealing" |
| social Darwinism | On the Origin of SPecies (1859) | Charles Darwin |
| What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883) | William Graham Sumner | Argued that only few individuals were capable of putting aside selfish pleasures to produce the capital needed to drive the emerging industrial economy. |
| Horatio Alger | rags-to-riches novels | |
| Frederick Winslow Taylor | "take all the important decisions...out of the hands of workmen." | |
| Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 | suspended Chinese immigration for ten years,limited their civil rights of resident Chinese, and forbade their naturalization | |
| Knights of Labor | labor union founded in 1869 that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender | led by Grand Master Workman Terence V. Powderly |
| The Eight-Hour League | advocated a "natural" rhythm of eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, and eight hours for leisure. | led by Ira Steward |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program | Samuel Gompers president |
| Illinois Factory Investigation Act of 1893 | secured funds from state legislature to monitor working conditions, and particularly to improve the woeful situation of the many women and children who worked in sweatshops | |
| Labor Day | 1894 | |
| Southern Economy | held back by dependence on northern finance capital, continued reliance on cotton production, and the legacy of slavery. | |
| Henry Woodfin Grady | editor of the Atlanta Constitution | coined "New South" |
| customs of incorporation | complex of intimate economic, family, and community ties especially within the piedmont mill villages | |
| mill communities | manager governed EVERYTHING and EVERYONE | |
| Haymarket Martyrs | May 4, 1886; in Haymarket Square bombing by striker and police responded with fire. | |
| A&P (Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company) | the largest grocery chain store | Frank and Charles Woolworth |
| Sears and Roebuck | mail-order catalog | |
| Frederick Law Olmested | Back Bay opened onto the Fenway Park system designed by premier landscape architect named | |
| tenements | four-to six-story residential dwelling, once common in New York, built on tiny lots without regard to providing ventilation or light. | |
| Brooklyn Bridge 1883 | John Roebling and Washington Roebling | |
| Gilded Age | Term applied to late nineteenth-century America that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of that period | |
| conspicuous consumption | highly visible displays of wealth and consumption | |
| Women's Educational and Industrial Union | Boston organization offering classes to wage-earning women | Founded in 1877 |
| Booker T. Washington | vocational education | Tuskegee |
| Chicago Manual Training School | Founded 1884 for training boys for life in industry and business | |
| Vassar and Bryn Mawr | Women's higher education | |
| Morrill Federal Land Grand Act of 1862 | Justin Morrill | funded a system of state colleges and universities for teaching agriculture and mechanics |
| Johns Hopikins University | first graduate program | |
| Albert Spalding | manager and then president of the team Boston Red Stockings | |
| rapid growing population | immigrants depended on meatpacking industry for livelihood | average household included six or seven people |
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