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MCAT Bio Ch. 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes Contain: | Genes in a linear sequence |
| Alleles Are: | Alternative forms of a gene |
| A Dominant Only Requires: | One copy to be expressed |
| A Recessive Allele Requires: | Two copies to be expressed |
| A Genotype Is: | The combination of alleles one has at a given genetic locus |
| Having Two Of The Same Allele Is Termed: | Homozygous |
| Having Two Different Alleles Is Termed: | Heterozygous |
| Having Only One Allele Is Termed: | Hemizygous (such as male sex chromosomes) |
| A Phenotype Is: | The observable manifestation of a genotype |
| Complete Dominance Has: | One dominant allele and one recessive allele |
| Codominance Has: | More than one dominant allele |
| Incomplete Dominance Has: | No dominant alleles. Heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes. |
| Penetrance Is: | The proportion of a population with a given genotype who express the phenotype |
| Expressivity Refers To: | The varying phenotypic manifestations of a given genotype |
| Mendel's First Law (Of Segregation) States: | An organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes carrying only one allele for a trait |
| Mendel's Second Law (Of Independent Assortment) States: | The inheritance of one allele does not influence the probability of inheriting a given allele for a different trait. |
| The Griffith Experiment Demonstrated The Transforming Principle By: | Converting non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria by exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria |
| The Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiment Demonstrated That: | DNA is the genetic material because degradation of DNA led to a cessation of bacterial transformation. |
| The Hershey-Chase Experiment Confirmed That: | DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria. |
| All Of The Alleles In A Given Population Constitute: | The gene pool |
| Mutations Are: | Changes in a DNA sequence |
| Point Mutationts Are: | The substituting of one nucleotide for another |
| Frameshift Mutations: | Moving the three-letter transcriptional reading frame. |
| Silent Mutation Has: | No effect on the protein |
| Missense Mutation Results In: | The substitution of one amino acid for another |
| Nonsense Mutation Results In: | The substitution of a stop codon for an amino acid |
| Insertions And Deletions Result In: | A shift in the reading frame, which leads to changes for all downstream amino acids |
| Deletion Mutations Occur When: | A large segment of DNA is lost |
| Duplication Mutations Occur When: | A segment of DNA is copied multiple times |
| Inversion Mutations Occur: | When a segment of DNA is reversed |
| Insertion Mutations Occur: | When a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another |
| Translocation Mutations Occur: | When a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome |
| Genetic Leakage Is: | A flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring |
| Genetic Drift: | Occurs when the composition of the gene pool changes as a result of chance |
| The Founder Effect Results From: | Bottlenecks that suddenly isolate a small population, leading to inbreeding and increased prevalence of certain homozygous genotypes |
| Punnett Squares Visually Represent: | The crossing of gametes from parents to show relative genotypic and phenotypic frequencies |
| The Parent Generation Is Represented By: | P |
| Filial (Offspring) Generations Are Represented By: | F1, F2, etc in the sequence |
| A Monohybrid Cross Accounts For: | One gene |
| A Dihybrid Cross Accounts For: | Two genes |
| In Sex-Linked Crosses, Sex Chromosomes Are Used To: | Indicate sex as well as genotype |
| Recombination Frequency () Is: | The likelihood of two alleles being separated during crossing over in meiosis |
| Genetic Maps Can Be Made Using: | Recombination frequency as the scale in centimorgans |
| The Hardy-Weinberg Principle States That: | If a population meets certain criteria (aimed at a lack of evolution), then the allele frequencies will remain constant (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) |
| Natural Selection States That: | Chance variations exist between individuals and that advantageous variations (those that increase an individual's fitness for the environment) afford the most opportunity for reproductive success |
| Modern Synthesis Model (Neo-Darwinism) Accounts For: | Mutation and recombination as mechanisms of variation and considers differential reproduction to be the mechanism of reproductive success |
| Inclusive Fitness: | Considers an organism's success to be based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others; survival of offspring or relatives ensures continuation of genes in subsequent generations |
| Punctuated Equilibrium Considers Evolution To Be: | A very slow process with intermittent rapid bursts of evolutionary activity |
| Stabilizing Selection Keeps Phenotypes: | In a narrow range, excluding extremes |
| Directional Selection Moves The Average Phenotype: | Towards one extreme |
| Disruptive Selection Moves Toward: | Two different phenotypes at the extremes and can lead to speciation |
| Adaptive Radiation Is: | The rapid emergence of multiple species from a common ancestor, each of which occupies its own ecological niche. |
| A Species Is: | The largest group of organisms capable of breeding to form fertile offspring |
| Species Are Reproductively Isolated From each Other By: | Pre- or postzygotic mechanisms |
| Divergent Evolution Occurs When: | Two species sharing a common ancestor become more different |
| Parallel Evolution Occurs When: | Two species sharing a common ancestor evolve in similar ways due to analogous selection pressures |
| Convergent Evolution Occurs When: | Two species not sharing a recent ancestor evolve to become more similar due to analogous selection pressures |
| According To The Molecular Clock Model, The Degree Of Difference In The Genome Between Two Species Is Related To: | The amount of time since the two species broke off from a common ancestor. |
Created by:
SamB91
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