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Biotechniques
Mizzou, Spring 2015, Biochem Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| human | Chinese scientists genetically modify _____ embryos with the CRISPER/Cas9 technology |
| genetic engineering | nucleic acid biotechnology is modifying the genetic materials of living cells so that they will produce new substances or perform new functions; this is also called ______ ______ |
| gel electrophoresis | a separation technique where the separation of DNA based on its LENGTH, and the separation occurs inside a gel within an electric field; because DNA is negative, it will migrate to the positive electrode |
| restriction endonuclease | recognize specific DNA sequences and break the phosphodiester bond in both strands (i.e. they cut DNA) |
| palindromes | recognition sequences are often _______ (the left to right sequence on one strand is the same as right to left sequence on the complementary strand) |
| sticky ends | digested DNA generates _____ _____, which are over-hangs of single stranded DNA |
| complementary | compatible sticky ends can re-join because they are _________ |
| bacteriophages | these protect bacteria against infection (viruses) |
| methylating | bacteria prevent digestion of their own DNA by the restriction enzymes by ________ nucleotides in the restriction enzyme recognition sequence |
| recombinant | ________ DNA is the central part of genetic engineering; covalently linking DNA fragments from more than one source |
| ligase | recombinant DNA was first created in vitro using restriction endonuclease and DNA ________ |
| restriction | use ________ enzymes to create recombinant DNA |
| recombinant DNA | is formed by fist cutting DNA from two sources to create complementary sticky ends, second the complementary ends are joined by base-pairing between overhanging single-stranded regions, and finally DNA ligase creates covalent bonds between strands |
| vectors | self-replicating forms of DNA |
| cloning | once inserted into the vectors, large amount of the gene can be replicated to allow the study of this gene; the process of making identical copies |
| plasmid | circular DNA that can self-replicate in bacteria |
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects and replicates bacteria |
| adenovirus | a virus that infects mammalian cells |
| retrovirus | a virus that infects mammalian cells |
| cloning | the insertion of foreign DNA into the DNA of these vectors allows replication of the vector and foreign DNA together in the host cell |
| plasmid | extra-chromosomal circular molecules of DNA capable of replication inside bacteria; they are used to clone foreign DNA, often containing genes |
| DNA ligase | plasmid DNA and foreign DNA are joined by ____ _____ |
| ori | origin of replication |
| selection gene | usually an antibiotic resistance gene to allow growth of only the bacteria containing the plasmid |
| polylinker | the region of DNA containing restriction sites for inserting foreign DNA to be studied |
| transformed | the plasmid containing the inserted DNA is "_______" into E. coli bacteria which replicates the plasmid |
| cloned | as the bacteria replicated, many copies of the foreign gene are produced, or ________ |
| expression vectors | certain plasmids are constructed to allow transcription and translation of a foreign gene in bacteria, these are called ____ ____ |
| introns | genes to be expressed by expression vectors must contain only the exons without introns because bacteria will not remove _____ from mRNA |
| transgenic organism | an organism containing a heritable foreign gene or TRANSGENE |
| reverse transcription | _______ ______ uses reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus to produce a cDNA molecule from mRNA; avoids intron problem this way |
| somatic changes | change in genetic makeup of specific tissues that are NOT inherited by offspring |
| germline changes | genetic changes made in cells that form reproductive cell (egg & sperm); these are INHERITED by future progeny; not theatrical or legal in human subjects |
| gene therapy | ex) severe combined immune deficiency syndrome (SCIDS) patients have mutations in adenosine deaminase (ADA) that affects the T cell immune function; these patients undergo ____ ____ to hope to place a good copy of the ADA gene in the bone marrow |
| randomly | DNA is injected into a fertilized mouse egg & _____ integrates into the genome (nowadays the transgenic can be targeted) |
| polymerase chain reactions | (PCR), how scientists are able to detect DNA in very small quantities (e.g. at crime scenes) |
| replicating | PCR is a technique for ______ specific fragments of DNA in vitro |
| hours | PCR allows a single DNA molecule to be specifically replicated into billions of copies in a few hours |
| thermophiles | a type of bacteria that is able to grow under extreme heat conditions (80-105 degrees C) |
| thermo aquaticus | ______ ______ bacteria live in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park & contain a heat-stable DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) |
| Taq polymerase | PCR requires ____ ______, a heat stable DNA polymerase |
| exponential | PCR amplification of DNA is _______ (i.e. the target DNA duplicates every cycle) |
| PCR | applications of ____ include: identifying pathogenic organisms, genetic disease diagnosis, sex determination of embryos, and a LOT MORE |
| sgRNA | CRISPER (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas system relies on a single guide RNA (_____) to direct the Cas9 protein |
Created by:
oliviarees95
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