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Sociology
Chapter 8-10
| Social stratification | A hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to valued resources (Property, power, and status) |
| Wealth | The value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance |
| Income | The money a person earns from work or investments |
| Closed Systems | Accommodate little change in social position. They do not allow people to shift levels and do not permit social relations between levels. *Low status consistency EX: Slavery & Cast |
| The Caste Systems | People are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives. (Closed system) EX: Indian system |
| Open Systems | Based on achievement, allow movement and interaction between layers and classes. |
| Class System | Based on both social factors and individual achievement. *High status consistency EX: Wealth, education (can move up or down) |
| Class | Consists of a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. |
| Exogamous | Unions of spouses from different social categories (Married outside social class) |
| Meritocracy | Personal effort—or merit—determines social standing. EX: Class, job |
| Endogamous | Unions of people within the same social category (Married in social class) |
| Status Consistency | The consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation. |
| Standard of Living | The level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle |
| Factors to determine Standard of Living: | Income, housing, poverty rates, employment |
| U.S. Employment | Prestige |
| Upper Class | "New vs Old" -Wealth & Power- |
| Middle Class | Range from low to high Low: Associates (2yrs), a year, or tech. High: bachelors (4yrs) or professional degrees (In charge) * have money saved |
| Lower Class | Blue collar, manual labour. Working Class: physically demanding EX: custodian, factory workers, or waiters Working Poor: Don't land decent jobs (No benefits) |
| Social Mobility | Refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system. |
| Upward mobility | refers to an increase—or upward shift—in social class. EX: Oprah Winfrey |
| Downward mobility | indicates a lowering of one’s social class. EX: Bruce in Batman |
| Intergenerational mobility | Explains a difference in social class between different generations of a family (Between Generation) EX: Grandma lower class but Parents middle class |
| Intragenerational mobility | Describes a difference in social class that between different members of the same generation. (Within Generation) EX: Me poor but siblings rich |
| Structural mobility | Happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder. |
| Class Traits | Also called class markers, the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class. |
| Global stratification | A comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole |
| Davis-Moore thesis (functionalism) | Which argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward. (the greater the contribution, the greater the reward) |
| Millennium Project | Attempt to cut world poverty by 2016 |
| Sex | Refers to physical anatomy. The biological characteristic with which we are born. |
| Gender | A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female. |
| Gender Identity | An individual’s sense of being either masculine or feminine. (A perception of self as either male or female) |
| Sexual Orientation | A person’s emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female) **Continum: late childhood you know if your gay or straight** |
| Homophobia | An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals |
| Gender Roles | Society’s concept of how men and women should behave. EX: (Girls-wash dishes, Males- do yard work) |
| Transsexuals | Transgendered individuals who wish to alter their bodies through [medical] interventions such as [surgery and hormonal therapy.] |
| Transgender | Who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of their biological sex. (Girl dress as male but not physically) |
| Sexism | An attitude or behavior that discriminates against, one sex, usaully women, based on assumed superiority of the other sex. *****The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. (Think of racism but for sex) |
| Sexuality | A person’s capacity for sexual feelings |
| Queer Theory | Is a perspective that problematizes the manner in which we have been taught to think about sexual orientation. ***By calling their discipline “queer,” these scholars are rejecting the effects of labeling.*** |
| Doing Gender | When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. (Symbolic interactionalist) EX: Hair, makeup, dinner= female "doing" |
| US + Gender Stratification | Peoples unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige other values resources... i.e *Men get paid more (.70-$1.00) *Greater or men in authoritative jobs *Women do majority of work at home |
| Structural Functionalism (Macro) 9 | Gender roles uphold families *Homosexuality is not encouraged (Family) |
| Conflict Theory (Macro) 9 | (Male vs Female) *Bourgeoisie:Male:Dominat *Proletariat:Female:Subordinate |
| Feminist Theory (Gender Inequality) (Macro) 9 | "down with patriarchy" |
| Symbolic Interactionism (Micro) 9 | *Looking at ONE person and seeing how people threat that ONE *Doing Gender *Looking glass self |
| Chattel slavery | People are bought and sold as commodities. (Slaves people treated as cattle) |
| Human trafficking most common purspose? | Prostitution then domestic servitude (two biggest) |
| Which caste is composed of educated priests and scholars? | A. Brahmins |
| Brahmins— | educated priests and scholars |
| Kshatriyas— | kings and warriors |
| Vaishyas— | merchants and farmers |
| Shudras— | peasants and laborers, craftspeople |
| Dalits— | poor, untouchables, menial and unpleasant jobs |
| Social Class | A category of people who have a similar rank based on wealth, education, power, or prestige. |
| Prestigious occupations require | more formal education, pay more, involve mental activity, offer autonomy, and are seen as [more socially important.] |
| Prestige | *Respect, recognition, or regard *Based on wealth, family background, fame, occupation, and leadership. |
| Which position has the greatest prestige? | C. College professor |
| Power elite— | A small group of white men who make the important decisions in U.S. society (C. Wright Mills) |
| Status Inconsistency – | high prestige, low power EX: Funeral director |
| Which position has the greatest income/power? | D. Funeral director |
| Socioeconomic status (SES)— | An overall ranking of people’s positions based on their income, education, and occupation |
| Life chances— | The extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure good things in life. **Food, housing, good health, education |
| Gender Stereyotypes | Expectation about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex. EX: JCrew as- boy with pink toenails [what seems odd inthe pic?] |
| Gender Pay Gap | *Pay gap increases as the level of education increases.............................. |
| Examples of gender inequality | *Women names indicate thier gender & are more likely to experience online harrassment. * 3rd grade boys are good in math and science *Girls excel in reading etc... |
| Transvestites | Cross dress at times |
| Homosexual | attracted to people of same sex (Gay) |
| Heterosexual | attracted to people of opposite sex (Straight) |
| Bisexual | attracted to memebers of both sex (bi) |
| Asexual | Lack interest in sex |
| LGBTQ Stands for? | Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer |
| Race | People who share physical characteristics, such as skin color & facial features. |
| Ethnicity | Shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more |
| Ethnic Group | People who identify with common national origin or cultural heritage EX: Italian American, German American, & Jewish |
| Racial- ethnic Group | A catgory of people who has both distinctive physical & cultural characteristics. EX: Asian Americans & Hispanics |
| Immagration | *In 1900, 85% of them came frim Europe (Low skilled) **Today, most of them are from Asia & Latin America (have skills & education) |
| Undocumented immigration & Reaction | *34% are undocumented (majority from Mexico) **Alabama HB 56: if a person is suspected to be an immagrant they could be stopped by the police. (In result hispanics left school) |
| McGurk Effect | When you hear one thing but see another EX: Headphones bababa |
| Genocide (Holocaust) | The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group EX: American Indians & Holocaust |
| Internal Colonialism | Subordination of minority groups through exploitation or oppression EX: Slavery in America or Hispanics |
| Segregation | The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions EX: George W. McLaurin attends his first class at the University of Oklahoma under segregated conditions |
| Assimilation | A minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture EX: Through interracial and interethnic marriages |
| Pluralism (Multiculturealism) | Represented by the ideal of the United States as a “salad bowl:” a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the “flavor” of the whole |
| De facto segregation: | Informal |
| First African American to attend the OU Law School. (4) | Amos T. Hall, Thurgood Marshall, Dr. H.W. Williamston, with Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher (Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma) |
| De jure segregation: | Formal |
| Racism: | A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others suggests that the dominant group. |
| Prejudice: | Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people |
| Ethnocentrism: | To evaluate another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture. |
| Discrimination: | Prejudiced ACTions against a group of people |
| Individual Discrimination— | Harmful action directed intentionally on a one-to-one basis |
| Institutional discrimination— | Unequal treatment due to the everyday operations of a society |
| Miscegenation— | Marriage or sexual relations between members of different races |
| Anti-miscegenation laws | *Fight of the Century: Jeffries (Stanley Ketchel ) vs (Jack) Johnson (black) **Pace vs Alabama (Alabama Code) |
| Loving vs Virginia (1967) | Supreme Court declared laws unconstitutional (South States said NO) |
| Scapegoat theory: | Suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group |
| Culture of prejudice: | The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture |
| Amalgamation | The process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. EX: Melting Pot |
| Dr. George Henderson | *1st African American home owner in Norman, OK *3rd African American (faculty) on OU campus |
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