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Soc Chapter 6
Soc1010
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alienation | a condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society |
| bureaucracy | a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency |
| bureaucratization | the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic |
| classical theory (a.k.a. scientific management approach) | an approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards |
| coalition | a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal |
| dyad | a two-member group |
| focus group | a carefully selected discussion group led by a trained moderator |
| formal organization | a group designed for special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency |
| goal displacement | overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy |
| group | any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis |
| groupthink | uncritical acceptance of or conformity to the prevailing viewpoint |
| human relations approach | an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization |
| ideal type | a construct or model for evaluating specific cases |
| in-group | any group or category to which people feel they belong |
| iron law of oligarchy | a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals |
| labor union | organized workers who share ether the same skill or the same employer; emerged during Industrial Revolution in England (1700s); engaged in special interests in the past; plays a key role in Britain and Mexico; very politically limited in Korea and Japan |
| McDonaldization | the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world |
| out-group | a group or category to which people feel they do not belong |
| Peter principle | a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence |
| primary group | a small group characterized intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation |
| reference group | any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior |
| secondary group | a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
| small group | a group small enough for all members to interact simultaneously - that is, to talk with one another or at least be well acquainted |
| telecommuter | an employee who works full-time or part-time at home rather than in an outside office, and who is linked to supervisor and colleagues through phone lines, Wi-Fi, the Internet, and smartphones |
| trained incapacity | the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems |
| triad | a three-member group; new person may unify, mediate, or divide-and-rule |
| Georg Simmel | first sociologist to emphasize the importance of interactive processes within groups and how they change as the group's size changes |
| Charles Horton Cooley | coined "primary group" |
| William H. Whyte Jr. | coined "groupthink" |
| Robert Merton | developed focus groups during World War II |
| Max Weber | first directed researchers to the significance of bureaucratic structure; developed ideal type of society |
| Ideal Type of Society | 1. Division of labor, 2. Hierarchy of authority, 3. Written rules and regulations, 4. Impersonality, 5. Employment based on technical qualifications |
| Division of Labor | specialization and specific tasks that increase performance; causes alienation, trained incapacity, carelessness towards other people |
| Hierarchy of Authority | each position is under the supervision of a higher authority |
| Written Rules and Regulations | clear standards for an adequate (or exceptional) performance; provide a valuable sense of continuity in a bureaucracy; can cause goal displacement |
| Impersonality | performance without giving personal consideration to people as individuals, which guarantees equal treatment for each person; contributes to the cold and uncaring feeling that produces frustrations and disaffection |
| Employment Based on Technical Qualifications | performance is measured against specific standards and favoritism isn't encouraged; may results to Peter principle |
| Jennifer Bickman Mendez | studied domestic houseworkers employed in central California by a nationwide franchise, who followed minutely defined tasks. Complaints and special requests went not to the workers, but to an office-based manager. |
| Robert Michels | studied socialist parties and labor unions in Europe before World War I; found that such organizations become bureaucratic; developed the idea of "iron law of oligarchy," reinforced by rank and file movement of an organization |
| George Ritzer | wrote "The McDonaldization of Society" |
| Charles Page | used the term "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to the unofficial activities and interactions that are such a basic part of daily organizational life |
| 2 New avenues on research on formal organizations | recent arrival of small number of women and minority groups in high-level management; decision-making role of groups that lie outside the top ranks of leadership in large corporations |
| Another 2 New avenues on research on formal organizations | loss of fixed boundaries in organizations that have outsourced key functions; role of Internet and virtual worlds in influencing business and consumer preferences |
| collective decision making | active involvement of employee problem-solving groups in corporate management; first became popular in US in 1980s |
| minimal hierarchy | flatter organizational structure; offers workers greater access to those in authority, giving them an opportunity to voice concerns that might not be heard in a traditional bureaucracy |
| work teams | become increasingly common: project teams and task forces |
| project teams | address ongoing issues such as safety or compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act |
| task forces | pursue nonrecurring issues such as a major building renovation |
| organizational reconstructing | includes collective decision making, minimal hierarchy, and work teams |
| postmodern jobs | includes telecommuting (homeshoring or offshoring) or virtual offices; first social change that pulls parents back into home rather than push them out to work |
| Technological development (Internet) | distracts people, including employees, etc |
| Decline in Labor Unions | 1. Changes in the type of industry, 2. Growth in part-time jobs, 3. Legal system, 4. Globalization, 5. Employer offensives, 6. Union rigidity and bureaucratization |
| Changes in the type of industry | manufacturing jobs, which are the traditional heart of the labor union, decline and give way to postindustrial jobs |
| Growth in part-time jobs | increase in temporary jobs and workers, who were only allowed to join unions in 2000 |
| Legal system | US did not made it easy for unions to organize and bargain; some government measures made these difficult; ex. Ronald Reagan fired 11000 air traffic controllers in 1981 when their union threatened they would walk off the job while seeking a new contract |
| Globalization | threat of jobs leaving the country undercut the ability of union leaders to organize workers at home |
| Employer offensives | increase in hostility of employers includes court actions to block union's efforts to represent their members |
| Union rigidity and bureaucrization | in the past, labor has been slow to embrace women, minorities, and immigrants; some unions' election of leaders seem to dominate the organization's activity |
| 2008 | economic downturn worldwide due to recession. United Auto Workers accepted nearly 20% pay cut, including the $17.4 billion auto bailout legislation passed by the US Congress |
| Functionalist View on Labor Unions | logical response to the emergence of impersonal, large-scale, formal, and often alienating organizations |
| Conflict Theorists View on Labor Unions | points out that the longer union leaders are in office, the less responsive they are to the needs and demands of the rank and file, and the more concerned with maintaining their own positions and power |
| William Graham Sumner | in-group and out-group |
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