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MCAT Bio. Ch. 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Cardiovascular System Consists Of: | A muscular four-chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| The Heart Is Composed Of: | Cardiac muscle and supports two different circulations: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation |
| Each Side Of The Heart Consists Of: | An atrium and a ventricle |
| The Atria Are Separated From The Ventricles By: | The atrioventricular valves (tricuspid on the right, mitral [bicuspid] on the left) |
| The Ventricles Are Separated From The Vasculature By: | The semilunar valves (pulmonary on the right, aortic on the left) |
| The Pathway Of Blood Is: | RA (via tricuspid valve) -> RV (pulmonary valve) -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> LA (mitral valve) -> LV (aortic valve) -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> vena cavae -> RA |
| The Left Side Of The Heart Contains: | More muscle than the right side because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure |
| Electrical Conduction Of The Heart Starts At: | Sinoatrial (SA) node and then goes to the atrioventricular (AV) node |
| From The AV Node, Electrical Conduction Goes To The: | Bundle of His before traveling through the Purkinje fibers. |
| Systole Refers To: | The period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed |
| During Diastole, The Heart Is: | Relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed |
| Cardiac Output Is: | The product of heart rate and stroke volume |
| Sympathetic Nervous Systems Increases: | The heart rate and contractility |
| The Parasympathetic Nervous System Decreases: | Heart rate |
| The Vasculature Consists Of: | Arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| Arteries Are: | Thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality. This allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within the system. |
| Arterioles Are: | Small muscular arteries which control flow into capillary beds |
| Capillaries Have Walls That Are One Cell Thick, Which Makes Them: | So narrow that red blood cells must travel through them in single-file lines. They are the sites of gas and solute exchange. |
| Veins Are: | Inelastic, think-walled structures that transport blood to the heart. They are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil capability. |
| Veins Are Compressed By: | Surrounding skeletal muscles and have valves to maintain one-way flow. |
| Small Veins Are Called: | Venules |
| A Portal System Is One In Which Blood Passes Through: | Two capillary beds in series |
| In The Hepatic Portal System, Blood Travels: | From the capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein |
| In The Hypophyseal Portal System, Blood Travels: | From the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary |
| In The Renal Portal System, Blood Travels | From the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole |
| Blood Is Composed Of: | Cells and plasma, and aqueous mix of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins |
| Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Lack: | Mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen. |
| Hematocrit: | The percent of blood composed of erythrocytes |
| Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Are Formed: | In the bone marrow. They are a crucial part of the immune system. |
| What Type Of White Blood Cells Play A Role In Nonspecific Immunity?: | Granular leukocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| What Type Of White Blood Cells Along With Lymphocytes Play A Large Role In Immunity: | Agranulocytes, including lymphocytes and monocytes, with lymphocytes playing a large role in specific immunity. |
| Thrombocytes (Platelets) Are: | Cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation |
| Blood Antigens Include: | The surface antigens: A, B, and O, as well as Rh factor (D) |
| The I^A (A) And I^B (B) Alleles Are: | Codominant |
| The i(O) Allele Is: | Recessive. |
| An Individual Has Antibodies For: | Any ABO allele he or she does not have |
| Positive Rh Factor Is: | Dominant. |
| An Rh-negative Individual Will Only Create Anti-Rh Antibodies After: | Exposure to Rh-positive blood |
| Blood Pressure Refers To: | The force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood. This is divided into systolic and diastolic components |
| Blood Pressure Must Be High Enough To Overcome: | The resistance created by arterioles and capillaries but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature and surrounding structures |
| Blood Pressure Can Be Measured With A: | Sphygmomanometer |
| Blood Pressure Is Maintained By: | Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes |
| Low Blood Pressure Promotes: | Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) release |
| High Blood Osmolarity Also Promotes: | ADH and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release |
| Gas And Solute Exchange Occurs At The Levels Of: | The capillaries. This relies on the existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across the capillary walls. |
| Capillaries Are Also Leaky, Which Aids In: | Transport of gases and solutes. |
| Starling Forces Consist Of: | Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure |
| Hydrostatic Pressure Of Starling Forces: | The pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel |
| Osmotic Pressure Of Starling Forces: | The "sucking" pressure drawing water toward solutes |
| Oncotic Pressure: | Osmotic pressure due to proteins |
| Hydrostatic Pressure Forces Fluid Out At The: | Arteriolar end of a capillary bed |
| Oncotic Pressure Draws Fluid Back In At The: | Venule end |
| Oxygen Is Carried By Hemoglobin, Which: | Exhibits cooperative binding. |
| In The Lungs, There Is A High Partial Pressure Of O2, Which Results In: | Loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin |
| In The Tissues, There Is A Low Partial Pressure Of Oxygen, Which Results: | Unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin |
| Cooperative Binding: | Each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits. |
| Carbon Dioxide Is Largely Carried In The Blood In The Form Of: | Carbonic acid, or bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. |
| Carbon Dioxide Is: | Non polar and not particular soluble while bicarbonate, hydrogen ions, and carbonic acid are polar and highly soluble. |
| HIgh P4CO2, High [H+], Low pH, High Temp., High Conc. Of 2,3-BPG Can Cause A: | Right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, which reflects a decreased affinity for oxygen |
| A Left Shift In Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve Can Be Seen In: | Fetal hemoglobin compared to adult hemoglobin |
| Nutrients, Wastes, And Hormones Are Carried In The Bloodstream To: | Tissues for use or disposal |
| Coagulation Results From: | An activation cascade |
| When The Endothelial Lining Of A Blood Vessel Is Damaged: | The collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed. This results in a cascade of events known as the coagulation cascade which results in the formation of a clot over the damaged area. |
| Platelets Bind To Collagen And Are Stabilized By: | Fibrin, which is activated by thrombin |
| Clots Can be Broken Down By: | Plasmin |
Created by:
SamB91
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