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MCAT Bio. Ch. 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy And Mechanism Of Breathing (Part 1) | Air is drawn through the nares and through the nasal cavity and pharynx, where it is warmed and humidified. It is filtered by nasal hairs (vibrissae) and mucous membranes. |
| Anatomy And Mechanism Of Breathing (Part 2) | Air then airs the larynx, followed by the trachea. The trachea divides into two mainstream bronchi which divide into bronchioles, which divide into continually smaller passages until reaching the alveoli |
| Alveoli Are Small Sacs That: | Interface with the pulmonary capillaries which allows gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane |
| Surfactant In The Alveoli Reduces: | Surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse |
| The Pleurae Cover The: | Lungs and line the chest wall |
| The Visceral Pleura Lies Adjacent To: | The lung itself |
| The Parietal Pleura Lines The: | Chest wall |
| The Intrapleural Space Lies Between: | The visceral and parietal pleura. This contains a thin layer of fluid which lubricates the two pleural surfaces |
| The Diaphragm Is A Thin Skeletal Muscle That: | Helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing |
| The Diaphragm And External Intercostal Muscles Expand The: | Thoracic cavity which increases the volume of the intrapleural space. This decreases the intrapleural pressure. |
| The Pressure Differential Ultimately (PLUS ITS NAME): | Expands the lungs, drops their pressure, and draws in air from the environment. The mechanism's name is negative-pressure breathing. |
| Exhalation May Be Passive Or Active (True Or False?) | True |
| In Passive Exhalation, Relaxation Of The Muscles Of Inspiration And Elastic Recoil Of The Lungs Allow: | The chest cavity to decrease in volume, which reverses the pressure differentials seen in inhalation |
| In Active Exhalation, The Internal Intercostal Muscles And Abdominal Muscles Can Be Used To: | Forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity which pushes out air. |
| A Spirometer Can Be Used To: | Measure lung capacities and volumes |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Is: | The max. volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely. |
| Residual Volume (RV) Is: | The min volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely |
| Vital Capacity (VC) Is: | The difference between the min and max volume of air in the lungs |
| Tidal Volume (TV) Is: | The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Is: | The volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Is: | The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation |
| Ventilation Is Regulated By The Ventilation Center, Which Is: | A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata |
| Chemoreceptors Respond To Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Which: | Increases the respiratory rate when there are high concentrations of carbon dioxide in teh blood (hypercarbia or hypercapnia) |
| The Ventilation Center Can Also Respond To Low Oxygen Concentrations In The Blood (Hypoxia) By: | Increasing the ventilation rate |
| Ventilation can Also Be Controlled Consciously Through The: | Cerebrum. Although the medulla oblongata will override the cerebrum during extended periods of hypo- or hyperventilation. |
| The Lungs Perform Gas Exchange With The Blood Through: | Simple diffusion across conc. gradients |
| Deoxygenated Blood With A High Carbon Dioxide Conc. Is Brought To: | The lungs via the pulmonary arteries |
| Oxygenated Blood With A Low Carbon Dioxide Conc. Leaves The: | Lungs via the pulmonary veins |
| The Large Surface Area Of Interaction Between The Alveoli And Capillaries Allows: | The respiratory system to assist in thermoregulation through vasodilation and vasoconstriction of capillary beds |
| Multiple Mechanisms Include Vibrissae, Mucous Membranes, And The Mucociliary Escalator: | Help filter the incoming air and trap particulate matter |
| Lysozyme In The Nasal Cavity And Saliva: | Attacks peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria |
| Macrophages Can Engulf And Digest: | Pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader |
| Mucosal Surfaces Are Covered With: | IgA antibodies |
| Mast Cells Have Antibodies That: | When triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals. They are often involved in allergic reactions as well. |
| The Respiratory System Is Involved In pH Control Through The: | Bicarbonate buffer system |
| When Blood pH Decreases, Respiration Rate: | Increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide. This causes a left shift in the buffer equation, reducing hydrogen ion concentration. |
| When Blood pH Increases, Respiration Rate: | Decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide. This causes a right shift in the buffer equation, which increases hydrogen ion conc. |
Created by:
SamB91
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