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History Exam #2
WWI, Great Depression, WWII, etc.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Henry George | Political Economist who wrote, "Progress and Poverty |
| Edward Bellamy | Took a futuristic view of America in his book, "Looking Backward" |
| The Bitter Cry | A pamphlet which circulated in England, drew attention to the plight of London factory workers. |
| Exposition Universelle (1900) | Worlds Fair in Paris, displaying achievements of past century and innovations for the future |
| John Dewey | Wrote "Democracy and Education," believed ideas = change |
| William James | Believed ideas have consequences. |
| Muckraker | A journalist who dug up dirt |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Coined the term "Muckraker," in addition to lots of other accomplishments. |
| Lincoln Steffens | Muckraker who wrote, "The Shame of the Cities" |
| Ida Tarbell | Muckraker who took on John Rockefeller in her book, "The History of the Standard Oil Company" |
| David Graham Phillips | Muckraker who exposed U.S. Senators accepting bribes in his book, "The Treason of the Senate" |
| Nelson W. Aldridge | Bribe taking Senator exposed by David Graham Phillips |
| Robert Hunter | Wrote the book, "Poverty" |
| Frank Norris | Wrote the book, "The Octopus: A Story of California," about the corruption of the railroads. |
| Upton Sinclair | Wrote "The Jungle," ran for governor of California on EPIC platform (End Poverty In California), lost to establishment |
| Meat Inspection Act | A regulatory measure pushed by Teddy Roosevelt, inspired by "The Jungle," by Upton Sinclair |
| Florence Kelley | Leading social reformer, fought child labor and helped create the National Consumers League |
| Edgar Gardner Murphy | Clergyman, helped form National Child Labor Committee |
| Josephine Clara Goldmark | Labor advocate, fought for equal pay, wrote court case Muller v. Oregon |
| 19th Amendment (1920) | Gave women the right to vote. |
| Margaret Sanger | Founded what became Planned Parenthood |
| Jacob Riis | Muckraker who wrote, "How the Other Half Lives" |
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman | Wrote, "Women and Economics" about the importance of women's contributions |
| 18th Amendment | "Dry Amendment," effort to prohibit alcohol, aka prohibition |
| Nickelodeon | movie theatre, cost a nickel |
| Mann Act | Prohibited transport of women across across state lines |
| Frederick Winslow Taylor (Taylorism) | 1)centralized planning 2)systematic analysis of each job 3) detailed instructions+close supervision 4)incentive wage system |
| Samuel Gompers | Headed American Federation of Labor (AFL), relied on by President Woodrow Wilson |
| Loewe v. Lawlor | Supreme Court ruling outlawed 'secondary boycotts,' preventing Unions from calling for boycotts against most entities |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire | Terrible fire that killed female garment workers in New York. Many fell to death from roof, led to requiring fire escapes. |
| The Ludlow Massacre | Security guards killed women and children, severely damaged Rockefeller name |
| Bill Haywood | Involved in Industrial Workers of the World, and the Western Federation of Miners |
| Mary Harris Jones | Helped the poor, "Mother Jones" named after her |
| Tom Johnson | Cleveland Mayor, wrote, "The City and the Hope of Democracy" |
| Charles Evan Hughes | Governor of New York, progressive reformer |
| M. Hoke Smith | Governor of Georgia, progressive reformer |
| Robert M. LaFollete, Sr. | Governor of Wisconsin, progressive reformer |
| Initiative | put issues on ballot |
| Referendum | Have direct election |
| Recall | Ability to remove politicians |
| President McKinley | Shot in Buffalo, NY, by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist |
| Teddy Roosevelt's 'Square Deal' | Government broke up Northern Securities Co., a major railroad trust |
| Northern Securities Co. | Major U.S. railroad trust whose major stakeholders included J. Hill and J.P. Morgan |
| Elkins Act (1903) | Regulated railroads by outlawing discounts to wealthy or preferred customers |
| Hepburn Act (1906) | Regulated railroads by requiring a uniform accounting system, and published rates |
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) | Regulation pushed for by TR, inspired by Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" |
| Dr. Hostetter's Stomach Bitters | One of many fake remedies made illegal by the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 |
| Newlands Reclamation Act | Funded irrigation projects in arid places |
| Gifford Pinchot | 1st chief of U.S. forest service |
| John Muir | Prominent writer, founder of the Sierra Club |
| Deborah Davis | Wrote, "Guest of Honor," book about Booker T. Washington at the White House |
| The Niagara Movement | Meeting in Canada included W.E.B. DuBois, group renounced Booker T. Washington's accommodation policies |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
| 16th Amendment (1913) | The Federal Income Tax |
| Progressive regulation and reform under President Wilson | Federal Reserve System (1913), Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914), Federal Trade Commision (1914), Keating-Owen Child-Labor Act (1916) |
| Adamson Act (1916) | First federal law to regulate the length of the workday in private industry, established eight hour workday |
| Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) | Act which sought to increase credit to rural farmers |
| The 18th, 19th, and 21st Amendments | Prohibition, gave women the right to vote, and repealed the eighteenth amendment |
| Event that triggered World War I | The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria |
| Gavrilo Princip | Black Hand member who shot Franz Ferdinand, sparked first continental war in Europe since Napoleonic Wars |
| Pre-WWI Colonial Rivalries Between... | Germany v. France ; Russia v. Austria over Balkans ; Britain v. Germany |
| Triple Entente | Alliance between Britain, France, Russia |
| Triple Alliance | Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
| Ernest Hemingway | WWI veteran who wrote "A Farewell to Arms" (1929) and "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) |
| Schlieffen Plan | Plan by German officer to fight a two-front war by quickly defeating France and then turning to face Russia |
| Gallipoli Campaign | Costly failed effort by Britain and France to secure the Dardanelles strait and the city of Istanbul |
| Armenian Genocide | Turkish policy of extermination targeting the Christian Armenian minority |
| RMS Lusitania | U.S. merchant ship that was smuggling arms when sunk by German U-boat, provided pretext for U.S. entry to WWI |
| William Jennings Bryan | Secretary of State during Wilson administration, resigned after the sinking of the Lusitania due to anti-war stance |
| Robert Lansing | Replaced William Jennings Bryan as Wilson's Secretary of State |
| Louis Brandeis | First Jew on Supreme Court |
| Arthur Zimmerman | Wrote a telegram to Mexico which was intercepted |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Treaty between Russia and Germany that lost Russian territory; Lenin accurately predicted they would get territory back |
| Alexander Kerensky | Tried to implement parliamentary government in Russia, but new government overcome by Bolsheviks |
| Leon Trotsky | Took leadership when Lenin was shot |
| Nicholas II of Russia | Last Russian Tsar, murdered along with the rest of the royal family. |
| George Creel | Head of Committee on Public Iinformation |
| Espionage Act (1917) | An act to punish espionage, interference, and insubordination |
| Trading With the Enemy Act (1917) | Law giving President power to oversee or restrict any and all trading between the U.S. and its enemies in wartime |
| Sedition Act (1918) | Broadened the scope of the espionage act to include acts of expression against the U.S. government |
| Schenck v. U.S. (1919) | Clear and present danger interpretation, where Supreme Court ruled that the Espionage Act did not violate right to free speech |
| Houston Riot (1917) | Mutiny of 156 African-American soldiers |
| John J. Pershing | Known as 'Blackjack Pershing,' led U.S. troops in WWI |
| Doughboys | Nickname for U.S. soldiers in WWI |
| William Gibbs McAdoo | Wilson's Secretary of the Treasury, he was primarily responsible for financing America in WWI and made loans to Allies |
| War Revenue Act (1917) | Raised WWI taxes on rich to 77% |
| Herbert Hoover | Under Wilson he was Director of U.S. Food Administration, and headed Commission for Relief in Belgium |
| War Industries Board | Coordinated the purchase of war supplies and encouraged mass production, efficiency, and standardization in U.S. industry |
| National War Labor Board (NWLB) (WWI) | Supported 8-hour workday, equal pay for women, and collective bargaining rights; opposed disruption of war production by strikes |
| Josephine Dodge | Led National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | Led National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) |
| Alice Paul | Started National Women's Party, thought suffrage groups not aggressive enough |
| Paris Peace Conference (1919) | Peace talks following WWI between major powers |
| WWI Big Four | U.S. (Woodrow Wilson), Great Britain (David Lloyd George), Italy (Vittorio Orlando), and France (Georges Clemenceau) |
| Treaty of Versailles | Signed 5 years after assassination of Archduke Ferdinand; would not include Russia or Germany, or the U.S. |
| Articles 231 and 232 of the Treaty of Versailles | The War Guilt clause and the requirement of Germany to pay reparations |
| Adolf Hitler | German nationalist |
| John Maynard Keynes | U.S. economist who wrote, "The Economic Consequences to Peace," and |
| Racial Equality Proposal (1919) | Proposed by Japanese at Paris Peace Conference, rebuffed |
| Shandong Problem | Article 156 officially gave Shandong to the Japanese |
| Covenant of the League of Nations | resisted by Republican opposition |
| Henry Cabott Lodge | U.S. Senator responsible for the 'Lodge reservations' against League of Nations; penned fourteen reservations |
| The Irreconcilables | Group of 12 to 18 senators who would never support treaty |
| U.S. Peace Treaties following WWI | The U.S. did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, and made separate treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary in 1921 |
| John Reed | American who wrote, "Ten Days That Shook the World," buried in Kremlin after death in 1920 |
| Seattle General Strike (1919) | Five-day work stoppage by more than 65,000 workers |
| Steel Strike (1919) | Anarchists tried to blow up U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer |
| J. Edgar Hoover | Headed anti-radical division |
| Palmer Raids | Attempt by U.S. government to arrest and deport radical leftists |
| William Joseph Simmons | Leader of the KKK in 1920's, preached superiority of white protestants |
| Birth of a Nation | Film by D.W. Griffith glorifying the founding of the KKK |
| Sacco-Vanzetti Case | Court case against two Italian immigrants who were anarchists, discriminated against for political views |
| Henry Ford | Invented the assembly line, the Model T, and paid workers $5 a day |
| Alfred P. Sloan | Introduced organizational chart to corporate America |
| Second Industrial Revolution | Economic change brought about by electricity |
| William C. Durant | Co-Founder of General Motors |
| Charles F. Kettering | Invented automatic starter |
| Ransom E. Olds | Wanted affordable mass produced car |
| The Dearborn Independent | Paper owned by Henry Ford, where anti-semitic and other racist material was often published |
| WWJ Detroit | First commercial radio broadcasting |
| Charlie Chaplin | Actor who starred in film, "The Kid" (1921) |
| The Jazz Singer | first major movie to have sound |
| Charles Lindbergh | First man to fly across Atlantic |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | Wrote, "The Great Gatsby" |
| John T. Scopes | Guilty of violating the Butler Act which banned teaching human evolution. Represented by Clarence Darrow. |
| Scopes Trial | Scopes represented by Clarence Darrow and Tennessee represented by William Jennings Bryan; over teaching evolution |
| Aimee Semple McPherson | Founded the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel |
| 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act | The U.S. would not accept Chinese immigrants |
| Gentleman's Agreement of 1907 | Japanese in San Francisco would not be segregated, but Japan would curtail immigration |
| Chicago Race Riot (1919) | A black boy was killed, triggering violence that killed dozens, both black and white |
| Marcus Garvey | Black nationalist, started the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the African Communities League |
| Negro World | Black newspaper established 1918 in NYC |
| Black Star Line | Shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey |
| Alaine LeRoy Locke | Called 'Dean' of Harlem Renaissance, wrote, "The New Negro," an anthology of poetry |
| Langston Hughes | Great black writer, wrote, "The Weary Blues" |
| Claude McKay | Wrote novels, including, "Home to Harlem," (1928) focused on Harlem underbelly |
| Sinclair Lewis | Wrote, "Main Street," about going from a city to a small town, and, "Babbitt," about pressure on middle-class to conform |
| Bruce Fairchild Barton | Wrote, "The Man Nobody Knows," made religious connection between Jesus and American business |
| Warren G. Harding | President of the U.S. after Wilson. Chosen at Republican convention despite not wanting the job; Teapot Dome Scandal |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | Companies were illegally operating on government land |
| Albert B. Fall | First cabinet member to die in U.S. history |
| Calvin Coolidge | Became President after Harding died; chose not to run for reelection in 1928 |
| Herbert Hoover | Engineer, wealthy 'self-made' man, faced Great Depression six months after becoming President |
| Four-Power Treaty | A deal to maintain the status quo in the pacific, between U.S., Japan, Great Britain, and France |
| Five-Power Treaty | Deal to limit naval weaponry, preventing arms race; between U.S., Japan, Britain, France, and Italy (4-power + Italy) |
| Nine-Power Treaty | Treaty affirming nominal integrity of China, and America's Open Door policy |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | Idealistic attempt to make war illegal |
| Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act | Attempt to raise tariffs that started trade war, sharply reducing U.S. international trade |
| Sheppard-Towner Act | Provided federal funding for maternal and child care |
| Al Smith | Reform governor in New York; Democratic Presidential nominee against Hoover, Catholic religious identity a disadvantage |
| Wall Street Crash (1929) | Known as 'black Tuesday,' signaled the Great Depression |
| John Kenneth Galbraith | Harvard economist who wrote, "The Great Crash 1929" |
| Amity Shlaes | Author who wrote, "The Forgotten Man" |
| John Steinbeck | Wrote, "The Grapes of Wrath" |
| Okie | Slang term for those who came from Oklahoma to California to pick fruit; consequence of dust bowl |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | Established in 1934 to restore trust of depositors in banks |
| Irving Fisher | Argued that predominant cause of the Great Depression was over-indebtedness and deflation |
| Glass-Steagall Legislation | Regulated banking |
| Emergency Relief and Construction Act | Established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
| Federal Home Loan Bank Act | Law passed under Hoover to lower the cost of home ownership |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Loan source to fund public works projects across the country |
| Giuseppe Zangara | Attempted to kill FDR, shot and killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead |
| Smedley Butler | U.S. Major General who outed coup against FDR, wrote, "War is a Racket" |
| Henry A. Wallace | One of FDR's Vice Presidents, dropped by 1944 becuase he was seen as too liberal |
| Frances Perkins | First woman appointed to U.S. cabinet |
| FDR's Brains Trust | Group of trusted academic advisors, originally: Raymond Moley, Rexford Guy Tugwell, and Adolf A. Berle, from Columbia University |
| Harry Hopkins | Diplomat, troubleshooter, spoke for FDR |
| Emergency Banking Act | Banks closed for restructuring during a four-day 'bank holiday' |
| Beer-Wine Revenue Act | The end of prohibition, when alcohol was turned into tax dollars |
| Federal Emergency Relief Adminisration (FERA) | Gave grants and loans to states |
| Civil Works Administration | Created temporary jobs for millions of unemployed workers |
| Public Works Administration | Large-scale public works construction agency |
| United States v. Butler | Supreme Court ruled that the Agricultural Adjustment Act was unconstitutional |
| Floyd B. Olsen | Minnesota politician who questioned capitalism |
| Francis Townsend | Created pension plan in California that inspired Social Security |
| Charles Coughlin | Radical priest who supported FDR, lost following after criticizing President and Jews, led National Union for Social Justice |
| The Taylor Grazing Act | Had to pay to graze on government land |
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) | Replaced FERA in 1935; |
| Rural Electrification Act | Provided federal loans to create infrastructure (electrify) parts of rural America |
| National Industrial Recovery Act | Supreme Court struck it down, revoking collective bargaining in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States |
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | Rural building projects, planting trees, mostly young people |
| Huey Long | In 1928 ran for governor of Louisiana; set new taxes on oil and gas industry to pay for schools, infrastructure; founded Share Our Wealth |
| Wagner Act (1935) | Officially called National Labor Relations Act, it allowed collective bargaining |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | Principle founders were: John L. Lewis, Sidney Hillman, and David Dubinsky |
| Memorial Day Massacre (1937) | Chicago police shot and killed 10 unarmed protesters |
| Scottsboro Boys | 9 young black men on train with 2 white women turned into a nightmare in Scottsboro with men falsely accused |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | Created maximum 44-hour, 7-day work week, and created minimum wage; last piece of New Deal legislation |
| Hank Greenberg | First Jewish baseball Hall-of-Famer |
| Fulgencia Batista Zaldivar | Cuban leader, American puppet |
| Mein Kampf | "My Struggle," by Adolf Hitler |
| Gerald Nye | Senator (South Dakota) who was deeply suspicious of American involvement abroad; Nye committee passed Neutrality Acts |
| Spanish Civil War | Started by Francisco Franco |
| Abraham Lincoln Brigade | American brigade that fought in the Spanish Civil War |
| Anschluss | The annexation of Austria by Germany |
| Munich Agreement | Designed to appease Hitler, who wanted the Sudetenland; Neville Chamberlain gave Hitler Czeckoslovakia |
| A.J.P. Taylor | Wrote, "The Origins of the Second World War" |
| Molotov-Ribbontrop Pact | Officially called the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; promise of peace |
| General Leslie Groves | Put in charge of overseeing Manhattan Project |
| I. Robert Oppenheimer | Genius who led researchers working on the Manhattan Project |
| Manstein Plan | German plan to invade France, crafted by Erich von Manstein |
| Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies | Political action group in favor of supporting the British in WWII |
| America First Committee | Led by Charles Lindbergh, opposed to U.S. involvement in WWII |
| Selective Training and Service Act (1940) | First peacetime military draft in U.S. history |
| Operation Barbarossa | Germany's initially successful invasion of Russia |
| Battle of Moscow | 1,000,000 Germans vs. 1,200,000 Soviet Russians |
| Iris Chang | Wrote, "The Rape of Nanking" |
| Husband E. Kimmel | Admiral, Commander-in-Chief of Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor |
| Walter Short | Lieutenant General of Army, U.S. military commander at Pearl Harbor |
| Roberts Commision | Found Husband Kimmel and Walter Short (commanders at Pearl Harbor when Japanese attacked) guilty of dereliction of duty |
| War Production Board (WPB) | Supervised production of war materials, converted peacetime economy to wartime |
| Donald M. Nelson | Put in charge of WPB (War Production Board) |
| National War Labor Board | Attempt to forestall labor-management problems during WWII |
| Second Revenue Act (1940) | Funded government during WWII |
| Executive Order 9066 | Order to round up Japanese in America |
| Hirabayashi v. United States | Supreme Court ruled that it was okay to arrest ethnic group |
| Korematsu v. United States | Supreme Court ruled against Japanese individual pressing for rights as an American citizen |
| 442nd Infantry Regiment | All-Japanese regiment in U.S. Army in Europe during WWII |
| Executive Order 8802 | Prohibited discrimination in national war industries |
| G.I. Bill | U.S. government attempt to assist vets coming home |
| Women's Army Corps (WAC) | The women's branch of the United States Army |
| WAVES | Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service |
| FDR's "Four Freedoms" | Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear |
| Henry R. Luce | Wrote, "The American Century," predicting that America would be the dominant power in the world |
| Jonathan M. Wainwright | General in Philippines who was POW for duration of WWII |
| Battle of the Coral Sea | Japanese Surprised U.S., but moved away from Australia |
| Battle of Midway | Decisive turning point in Pacific where Japanese lost four aircraft carriers |
| The Tokyo Fire Raids (1945) | Killed between 80,000 and 200,000 Japanese |
| Erwin Rommel | Called the desert fox, he was a brilliant German tank commander; part of a failed conspiracy to kill Hitler |
| Operation Overland | Allies move to take beaches |
| Kurt Vonnegut | Wrote, "Slaughterhouse Five," a satirical story about a character named Billy Pilgrim and the fire-bombing of Dresden |
| Yalta Conference | FDR's last conference |
| Bretton Woods Conference | Created IMF and World Bank |
| Potsdam Conference | Last Allied conference, Truman in attendance |
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