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MCAT Org. Chem Ch. 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amides Are The Condensation Products Of: | Carboxylic acids and ammonia or amines |
| Suffix For Amides: | -amide. Alkyl groups on a substituted amide are written at the beginning of the name with the prefix N- |
| Cyclic Amides Are Called: | Lactams. They are named by the Greek letter of the carbon forming the bond with the nitrogen. (β-lactam, γ-lactam, etc) |
| Esters Are The Condensation Products Of: | Carboxylic acids with alcohols (Fischer esterification) |
| Suffix Of Esters: | -oate. |
| The Esterifying Group Of An Ester Is Written As: | A substituent without a number |
| Cyclic Esters Are Called: | Lactones. They are named by the number of carbons in the ring, and the Greek letter of the carbon forming the bond with the oxygen (α-acetolactone, β-propiolactone, etc) |
| Triacylglycerols Are A Form Of: | Fat storage which include three ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acids |
| Saponification Is: | The breakdown of fat using a strong base to form a soap (salts of long-chain carboxylic acids) |
| Anhydrides Are: | The condensation dimers of carboxylic acids. |
| Symmetric Anhydrides Are Named For: | Parent carboxylic acid followed by anhydride. |
| Assymetric Anhydrides Are Named By: | Listing the parent carboxylic acids alphabetically followed by anhydride |
| IN Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions, Anhydrides Are More Reactive Than: | Esters which are more reactive than amides |
| Steric Hindrances Describes: | When a reaction cannot proceed (or significantly slows) because of substituents crowding the reactive site |
| Protecting Groups Such As Acetals Can Be Used To: | Increase steric hindrance or otherwise decrease the reactivity of a particular portion of a molecule |
| Induction Refers To: | Uneven distribution of charge across a sigma bond because of differences in electronegativity. |
| The More Electronegative Groups In A Carbonyl-Containing Compound: | The greater its reactivity |
| Conjugation Refers To: | The presence of alternating single and multiple bonds which creates delocalized pi-electron clouds above and below the plane of the molecule. |
| Electrons Experience Resonance Through: | The unhybridized p-orbitals which increases stability. |
| Conjugated Carbonyl-Containing Compounds Are More Reactive Because: | They can stabilize their transition states |
| Increased Strain In A Molecule Can Make It: | More reactive. |
| β-lactams Are Prone To Hydrolysis Because: | They have significant ring strain |
| Ring Strain Is Due To: | Torsional strain from eclipsing interactions and angle strain from compressing bond angles below 109.5 degrees. |
| All Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Can Undergo: | Nucleophilic substitution reactions. The rates at which they do so depends on their relative reactivities. |
| Anhydrides Can Be Cleaved By Th Addition Of A: | Nucleophile |
| Addition Of Ammonia Or An Amine Results In: | An amide and a carboxylic acid |
| Addition Of An Alcohol Results In: | An ester and a carboxylic acid |
| Addition Of Water Results In: | Two carboxylic acids |
| Transesterification: | The exchange of one esterifying group for another on an ester. |
| The Attacking Nucleophile In Transesterification Is: | An alcohol |
| Amides Can Be Hydrolyzed To: | Carboxylic acids under strongly acidic or basic conditions. |
| The Attacking Nucleophile Of Amides Hydrolyzing Into Carboxylic Acids Is: | Water or the hydroxide anion |
Created by:
SamB91
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