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MCAT Org. Chem Ch. 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carboxylic Acids Contain: | A carbonyl and a hydroxyl group connected to the same carbon. They are always terminal groups. |
| Suffix For Carboxylic Acids: | -oic acid |
| Suffix For Salts Of Carboxylic Acids | -oate |
| Suffix For Salts Of Dicarboxylic Acids | -dioic acids |
| Carboxylic Acids Are: | Polar and hydrogen bond very well, which results in high boiling points. |
| Carboxylic Acids Often Exist As: | Dimers in solution |
| The Acidity Of A Carboxylic Acid Is Enhanced By: | The resonance between its oxygen atoms. This can be further enhanced by substituents that are electron withdrawing and decreased by substituents that are electron-donating. |
| β-dicarboxylic acids Have A α-hydrogen That Is: | Highly acidic |
| Carboxylic Acids Can Be Made By: | The oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using an oxidizing agent like potassium permanganate (KMnO4) |
| First Two Steps Of The Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (Reaction In Carboxylic Acids): | A nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon, which opens the carbonyl and forms a tetrahedral intermediate. The carbonyl reforms and kicks off the leaving group. |
| Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Rxn Continued: If the nucleophile is ammonia or an amine | An amide is formed. Amides are given the suffix, -amid. Cyclic amides are called lactams. |
| Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Rxn Continued: If the nucleophile is an alcohol: | An ester is formed. Esters are given the suffix: -oate. Cyclic esters are called lactones. |
| Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Rxn Continued: If The Nucleophile Is Another Carboxylic Acid: | An anhydride is formed. Both linear and cyclic anhydrides are given the suffix anhydride. |
| Carboxylic Acids Can Be Reduced To A Primary Alcohol With: | A strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). Aldehyde intermediates are formed but are also reduced to primary alcohols. |
| Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4) Is: | A common reducing agent for other organic reactions, but is not strong enough to reduce a carboxylic acid |
| β-Dicarboxylic Acids And Other β-keto Acids Can Undergo: | Spontaneous decarboxylation when heated, losing a carbon as carbon dioxide. This reaction proceeds via a six-membered cyclic intermediate. |
| Mixing Long-Chain Carboxylic Acids (Fatty Acids) With A Strong Base Results In: | The formation of salt called soap. The process is called saponification. |
| Soaps Contain: | A Hydrophilic carboxylate head and hydrophobic alkyl chain tail |
| Soaps Organize In Hydrophilic Environments To Form: | Micelles. |
| A Micelle Dissolves: | Nonpolar organic molecules in its interior and can be solvated with water due to its exterior shell of hydrophilic groups. |
Created by:
SamB91
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