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Sociology
Sociology Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| perspective | a particular point of view |
| sociology | the scientific study of social structure (human social behavior) |
| sociological perspective | a view that looks at behavior of groups, not individuals |
| social structure | the patterned interaction of people in social relationships |
| sociological imagination | the ability to see the link between society and self |
| who is the father of sociology? | Auguste Comte |
| Who wrote Society in America, the translation of Comte's book? | Harriet Martineau |
| Who created Social Darwinism? | Herbert Spencer |
| Who predicted that all industrial societies would contain only two social classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat | Karl Marx |
| Who published The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism? | Max Weber |
| Who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? | Jane Addams |
| Who published The Philadelphia Negro:A Social Study? | W.E.B Du Bois |
| positivism | belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation |
| social statics | The study of social stability and order |
| social dynamics | the study of social change |
| bourgeoisie | class owning the means for producing wealth |
| capitalist | person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth |
| proletariat | working class; those who labor for the bourgeoisie |
| class conflict | the ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (working) classes |
| mechanical solidarity | social dependency based on a widespread consensus of values and beliefs, enforced conformity, and dependence on tradition and family |
| organic solidarity | social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization in roles |
| verstehen | understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others |
| rationalization | the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning |
| functionalism | approach that emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society |
| manifest | functions intended and recognized consequences of an aspect of society |
| dysfunction | negative consequence of an aspect of society |
| conflict perspective | approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society |
| symbol | anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it |
| symbolic interactionism | approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols |
| dramaturgy | approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances |
| survey | research method in which people respond to questions |
| population | a group of people with certain specified characteristics |
| sample | a group of people that represent a larger population |
| representative sample | a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole |
| questionnaire | a written set of questions to be answered by a research participant |
| interview | a survey method in which a trained researcher asks questions and records the answers |
| closed-ended questions | questions a person must answer by choosing from a s limited predetermined set of responses |
| open-ended questions | questions a person is to answer in his or her own words |
| secondary analysis | using recollected information for data collected and research purposes |
| field research | research that takes place in a natural setting |
| case study | intensive study of a single group, incident, or community |
| participant observation | a case study where the researcher becomes a member of the group being studied |
| causation | the belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another |
| multiple causation | the belief that events occur as a result of several factors working in combination |
| variable | a characteristic that is subject to change |
| quantitative variable | a characteristic that can be measured numerically |
| independent variable | a characteristic that causes something to occur |
| dependent variable | a characteristic that reflects a change |
| intervening variable | a variable that changes the relationship between an independent and dependent variable |
| correlation | a measure of the relationship between two variables |
| spurious correlation | a relationship between two variables that is actually caused by a third factor |
| scientific method | the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment and formulation and testing of hypotheses |
| hypothesis | testable statement of relationships among variables |
| culture | knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society |
| society | a specific territory inhabited by people who share a common culture |
| instincts | innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior |
| reflex | automatic reaction to physical stimulus |
| drive | impulse to reduce discomfort |
| sociobiology | the study of the biological basis of human behavior |
| symbols | a thing that stands for or represents something else |
| hypothesis of linguistic relativity | theory stating that our idea of reality depends largely upon language |
| norms | rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
| folkways | Norms that lack moral significance |
| taboo | a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment |
| law | a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials |
| sanctions | rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms |
Created by:
halvy
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