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Sociology 100 BMCC
theories/theoretical concepts and Sociological Topics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Sociology ? | scientific study of human social life, groups and society. |
| When we think of the Sociological Imagination we can say? | we are letting go of our own ideas to understand how society around us has influence |
| Understanding Social change | Early sociological thinkers tried to interpret the process of social change taking place between the 19th-20th centuries, specifically the changes resulting from the Industrial Revolution |
| Émile Durkheim | Social cohesion Organic solidarity: interdependence arising out of the division of labor Anomie breakdown of rules and norms leads to anxiety and disorientation in individuals |
| Karl Max | Believed Struggle and tension between opposing forces causes social change Materialist conception of history: material, economic influences drive social change and historical development Capitalism as main dynamic of modern development |
| Max Weber | Subjective meanings of individual actions Rationalization of modern, Western society – move toward goal-oriented rational action Bureaucracy: large organizational structure based on hierarchy |
| Harriet Martineau Believed Sociologists should focus on? | Women’s lives Previously ignored issues like marriage, children, domestic and religious life Improving society |
| W.E.B Du bois | Double consciousness One’s identity is shaped by historical experiences and social circumstances |
| Modern Theoretical Approaches | Build on classical theories But help us to study modern social events and interactions |
| Symbolic Interactionist Approach | Theoretical approach that emphasizes the symbolic nature of interaction, especially through language |
| Funtionalism | Theoretical approach based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform |
| Marxism and Conflict Theory | Society is characterized by division and class conflict over scarce or valued material resources |
| Feminine and feminist theory | Contemporary perspectives that place issues of gender and women at the forefront of sociological analysis and emphasize social reform and action |
| Levels of analysis | Microsociology: study of everyday behavior in face-to-face interactions Macrosociology: analysis of large-scale social systems, such as the political system or economic order |
| Microsociology: | study of everyday behavior in face-to-face interactions |
| Macrosociology: | analysis of large-scale social systems, such as the political system or economic order |
| What is culture? | consists of the values a given group holds, the languages they speak, the symbols they revere, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create |
| we could think about culture as? | conformity “society’s glue” Cultures and subcultures |
| Culture- Nature vs. nurture: | Are we shaped by biology or are we products of learning through life’s experiences? |
| Ethnocentrism | the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one’s own culture and thereby misrepresent them. |
| Cultural relativism | the practice of judging a society by its own standards |
| Socialization | The social process through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. |
| George Herbert Mead | Generalized Other: the general values and moral rules of the culture in which children are developing. |
| Agents of Socialization | Family ,Schools,Peers,Mass media ,Work |
| Erving Goffman Pioneer of study of social interaction Believed this study was important for three reasons | Social lives are based on interactions,People innovate and improvise in daily lives, Micro-level interactions can tell us about large social processes and institutions |
| Striking a pose | to play a certain social role Social Roles: socially defined expectations that a person in a given status or social position follows |
| Striking a pose to play a certain social role Social Roles: socially defined expectations that a person in a given status or social position follows | Impression Management |
| People tend to want to avoid embarrassment and so they collaborate with others in daily activities to | saving face |
| People segregate relationships in order to perform social roles that avoid feelings of shame or embarrassment. | Audience segregation |
| Social Context and Shared Understandings | The most inconsequential forms of daily talk presume complicated, shared knowledge brought into play by those speaking |
| What can we think about when we refer to deviance and crime? | Deviance,Norms,Laws,Crime,Sanctions |
| A Sociological perceptive on deviance is that | Definitions of conformity and deviance vary based on one’s social context |
| Sociological perspective on deviance Wide differences in wealth and power in society greatly influence opportunities open to different groups Those in power usually define what is deviant/criminal or normal/law-abiding behavior | Sociological perspective on deviance |
| Functionalist theories Durkheim – | functions of deviance, anomie |
| Functionalist theories Merton – strain theory | strain put on individuals’ behavior when accepted norms conflict with social reality |
| Reinforcement theories | Differential association Control theory |
| Differential association | Crime occurs as a result of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it. |
| Control theory: | Crime occurs as a result of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it. |
| Conflict theories | Ideas about what is deviant reflect inequality in society and allow the powerful to maintain their power |
| Labeling Theory | An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become deviant because certain labels are attached to such behavior by political authorities and others |
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