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IR Theories Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| International Relations | Study of interactions among various actors that participate in international politics |
| Theories | Links 2 variables (dependent and independent) and tries to explain the causal relationship. Tested through falsification |
| Law | A Theory that has been tested so many times it has not been proven wrong |
| Polarity of the system | distribution of capabilities (military and economic) among actors. Changes in the system come from rise and fall of polarity |
| Unipolarity | 1 power system that dominates international system. |
| Empire | Unipole with single source of powers. Controls all other actors through huge gap in military and economic resources. Has the power to control outcomes Complete empire has never existed |
| Soft Power | ideological control of the system. Joseph Nye. Create and image that other states want to imitate. |
| Non Hegemonic UniPolarity | Structure of power where there is a hegemon that can project itself all over the international system but there is the presence of smaller actors who can also project themselves |
| Bi Polarity | 2 power dominated system theorized as being the most stable system especially at the center of power. |
| Periphery | Area outside the center of power in a bipolar system characterized by proxy wars between the two powers. Inherently unstable |
| Proxy Wars | Wars fought in the bipolar system in the periphery by the two major powers |
| Multipolarity | 3 or more powers dominate a system. Power is diffused and unstable. There are constant changes in alliances and resulting wars. No actor is large enough to control the others. |
| Apolar | So much diffusion of power that it is impossible to describe. So many actors the system is completely unstable. Example: The current middle east |
| Anarchy | no central authority governing the system. Countries and states attempt to maximize their power to insure survival. States become selfish and violent. States attempt to balance power. |
| Hobbsian System | The selfish, violent and egotistical anarchy described in the Leviathan by Hobbes |
| Balance of Power | Alliances and actions of smaller states to equalize power in the system or stop a hegemon from forming. In this context peace comes from Balance of Power |
| Superpowers | States that are able to project abilities, interests and political influence across the world with huge military capabilities. |
| Greatpowers | similar to superpowers but on a smaller scale |
| Regional Powers | Able to project influence only in region |
| Threat | Defined by intentions and capabilities. A threat is when a state has negative intentions and capabilities to follow through. Mostly defined by capabilities because intentions are changing |
| Power | A relative concept, never absolute and difficult to measure of quantify. Only know power when you see or feel it. Control of resources, actors and outcomes |
| Power (Gilpin) | Ability to affect other states behavior with out them affecting your own |
| Power (Nye) | Distinguished between hard and soft power. Hard power is military, economic and resource control. Soft power if the projection of an image and ideology on other actors that they want to imitate. Smart power is an effective mix of the two |
| Fuedal System | European system between the 9th and 15th centuries characterized by the decentralization of power and struggle between the church and ruling parties. |
| Charles the Great/ Karolus Magnus/ Charlamagne | 800-814 King of France that became emperor of Western Europe and centralized political and religious authority in his empire. Used threat of violence to get loyalty of the church. His grandsons split the kingdom after his death |
| Treat of Vendum | 843 Grandsons of Charlemagne split the empire in three parts and create modem Europe. Fihgt continues with church as it regains power |
| Byzantine Empire | 330- 1453 Eastern Roman Empire that survived after the collapse of Rome. Controlled much of the Med, Turkey and Iraq. |
| Holy German-Roman Empire | 962 - 1806 Restored by Otto I and was an empire through central Europe. |
| Walk of Canossa | 1077 After The German emperor Henry IV challenged the Pope he was excommunicated and had to beg for forgiveness. Showed the power of the church over state. |
| Phillip the Fair of France | 1285 Executed the Templar and challenged the power of the church directly over a debt. |
| Beginning of Diplomacy | In renaissance diplomacy grew out of expansion of inter state trade to settle trade disputes. The role slowly grew. |
| Renaissance Growth of Bourgeois | Trade became important and rich middle class grew. Their political influence through money also grew |
| 30 Years War | 1618- 1648 accumulation of Wars in Europe that were massacres of religous tensions |
| Treaty of Westphalia | 1648 Ended the 30 years war and established modern idea of sovereignty. States could not interfere with domestic politics of other states- mostly in regard to the national religion. Beggining of a centralized state with army. |
| Westphalian System | 1648- 18th century Characterized my multiparty and instability |
| Absolutism | Monarchs have absolute power. Was a part of the Westphalian system until the American and French revolutions challenged them |
| American Revolution | 1765 challenged European absolutism and established the first successful republic since Rome. Was a direct political challenge |
| French Revolution | 1789 Bigger threat to Europe because of proximity. Established an army based off nationalism NOT money |
| Reign or Terror | 1793-1794 After French revolution and was the result of conflicting political parties |
| Napoleon | 1795- 1815 Took control of France after revolution and attempted to spread ideas of the republic through out Europe |
| Concert of Vienna | 1815- 1848 Leaders met after the defeat of Napoleon to establish diplomatic relations. Formed on the aspirations of the monarchs, not the people. |
| Results of the Concert OF Vienna | Returned Europe to the old system of balance of Monarchy and absolutism. Established a peace through balance. Agreed to meet regularly for diplomacy. Sacrificed Nationalism out of fear. |
| Spring of the People | 1848 revolts all over Europe in attempt to throw the Monrachy and establish nationalism |
| Industrialization/ Capitalism | Changes that occurred in the 19th century through Western Europe that were slow to spread to Europe |
| Realism | Behavior of states is based on power maximization. Wars are expected consequences of anarchy because states attempt to secure survival. Humans and thus states are selfish. |
| Thucidydes | Father of Classical Realism. Greek philosopher during Peloponnesian Wars that said fear motivates alliances. Power is based on might rather than right. |
| Machiavelli | Father of Classical Realism. Wrote Prince. Itis better to be feared that loved |
| Hobbes | Father of Classical Realism. Wrote the Levithian. Man is selfish and egotistical. Human nature is bad and anarchy is brutal result of human nature. |
| Mongenthau | Founding Father of Classical Realism. We live in a world of anarchy and states fight for survival through balance of power. Power is based of military might. Morality does not apply to the state, but selfish human nature does |
| Mongenthau' s 6 principals of Classical Realism | Realism is based of objective laws of human nature. Interests = power. Power is objective and valid. Moral Principals can't be applied to the State. Moral aspirations of state don't = moral universal law. Politics are autonomous from all other spher |
| Structural Realism | NeoRealism based of Waltz. Structure of the system defines behavior of the state in a rational way |
| Kenneth Waltz | Founding father of structural realism. The Man, The State, The War. |
| 4 Principals of structural Realism | States are the most important actors and so not answer to other states Actors are rational and do cost benefit analysis Structure of the system defines state behavior The system is anarchic and a fight for survival |
| Waltz Variables of the System | Ordering Principal- Hierarchy of the system. More hierarchic less anarchic Differentiation of the Units Distribution of Capabilities in the system |
| Security Dilemma | In order to decrease a threat you increase your own power which in turn decreases te security of other states. States need to be powerful in order to survive. |
| Balance of Power | States focus on relative gains to maximize thier power and balance others power. War is the result of a power inbalance and peace is from balance. |
| Status quo powers | try to maximize their power and maintain the current system. Usually great powers are status quo actors. |
| Revisionists POwers | Unsatisfied with the status quo and seek to redistribute the current power. |
| Liberalism | Challange neo realism. Human nature is perfectable through education and war is not a normal pattern of relation. Peace is achievable through cooperation. |
| Orgins of Liberalism | Enlightenment in Europe. Rejected Hobbesian system and promoted individual fullfillment and happiness. |
| Montesquieu | Father of Classical Liberalism. Humans are good but society is bad and curropts humans. Possible to avoid through education and rules of engagment between states. . |
| Locke | Founding father of Classical Lerberalism. Men are free equal and have right tolife liberty and persuit of property. Social contract between government and people. |
| Kante | Founding father of classical liberalism. " Perpetual Peace" Peace requires public consitutions, state federation and cosmopolitan law. Called idealism |
| League of Nations | Liberal attempt after WWI pushed by Wilson. Failed because of lack of action ability to enforce international law Failure was the death of classical liberalism |
| Woodrow Wilson | Founder of Neoliberalism. War was irrational because of the cost and rational nations would reject it for collective security. |
| Collective Security | Attempt to maintain peace because an attack on one is an attack on all.First attempted with League of Nations and then the United Nations |
| Axelrod + Keohane | Fathers of structural liberalism. states will cooperate for various reasons besides alliances. The consequences of anarchy are not final and dont always need to be war. Anarchy can be overcome with more than balance of power. |
| Keohane- After Hegemony | Agrees with principals of realism and liberalism. System is anarchtic and states try to maximize interest but interest are more than just military power. Focus on absolute gains. Cooperation is rational because more gains. Examines the prisoners dilemma. |
| Prisoner Dilema | Security game where on a single game it is logical to defect however after multiple games cooperation can be learned so both parties get most benefits from cooperating. |
| Krasner | Neo-Liberal writer. Importance of regimes and necessity of states to be predictable and rational in actions to insure cooperation. |
| Regime | set of norms, values, ways and decison making processes arund which staes expectations converge in the system. The resut of negotiations |
| International Institutions (Class Notes) | Insitutionalized regimes that foster cooperation. Provide trasnparency avoid confrontation reduce cost of interaction build trust and increase benefits |
| Lisa Miller | Neo Liberal writer who outlines the key assumptions of neo liberalism. International insitutions allow states to overcome situations of market failure |
| Lisa Millers Key Assumptions of Liberalism | States are important actors but not the only States are rational and attempt to maximize interests System in anarchtic but cooperation can over come it |
| Democratic Peace Theory | Democracies dont go to war with eachother but tend to fight authoritarian regimes. Derived from Kante. |
| Russet | Neo liberal founder of Democratic Peace Theory. Peace comes from democratic regimes, economic interdepndance, existanceof international regimes. |
| John OWEN | Neo liberal. Most important element in peace is democracy. Theya re use to negotions, criticisms and compromises. Democracies all have shared values and norms. |
| Doyle | Neoliberal write on Democratic Peace. Democracies dont fight other democracies but fight authoritatrian regimes. |
| Jack Levi | Democracies actually launch preventative wars against authoritarian regmies. Democracies are not peaceful because they go to war with out being provoked. |
| Rousseau | Democratic states are less likely to fight eachother but extremely aggressive towards non democracies and will create and escalate issues leading to war |
| Christopher Layne | Neo-realists who rejects the democratic peace theory. Domestic politics have no affect on foreign politics. States only care about interests. Ex- GB and France fighting over the Sudan |
| Mansfeild, Synder and Leevy | Neo realists Democracies do not matter in peace. Transitional states ar morelikely to go war. FOunded the Transitiona state theory. |
| Trnsitional State instability | Mansfeild, Synder, Levy. Nations in transition are inheriently unstable. Elites attempt to externalize conflicts and consolidate power to stop collapse. The Balkans, Russo-Japanese War. |
| Hellman and Herborth | Neorealists. Democratic peace doesnt work. it is a systematic problem. Look at crisis between Britain and Iceland and Britain and Canada |
| Hegemonic Stability Theory | A hegemon creates stability in the system because they act as a manger and solve the rpoblem of free riders, sanctioning dilema and dilema of collective actions. Examined by both neo liberals and neo realists |
| Neo Liberal view of Hegemonic Stability | Will absorb the costs of the international institutions to make sure they are functioning properly. Keohane |
| Neo Realist view of Hegemonic stability | Hegemon establishes a hierarchy and maintains peace for its own power interest. Keeps free trade and market. Krasner. |
| Dilemma of Collective action | When cost of collective action is greater than the benfits. a hegemon will make the beneifts larger |
| Sanctioning Problem | Sanctioning one state may hurt another economy through interdepndance. A hegemon will absorb the costs of sanctioning |
| Free riders | States that benefit from the system with out contributing. A hegemon will punish free riders |
| Keohane- After Hegemony | Hegemony is necessary to establish peace in the international system. But after the hegemon is gone states will have normalized cooperation and continue |
| epistomology | method of research . Two type in IR. Positivism and constructivism |
| Posivitism | Reality is objective and composed of material forces. actors are rational and it the job of analysts to discover the reality. Liberalism and realism |
| Constructvism | Reality is a social construct and subjective. It does not exist on its own. rationality is shaped by perception and limited. Perceptions are more important that rationality. Individuals are as important as structure. |
| Richard ASHELEY | Criticized positivism for leaving no room for subjectivity. Cost benefit analysis depends on culture and norms. Leaders and ideology make a huge difference in approached and perception. Interests are not static or rational and are socially constrcuted. |
| Key Assumptions of Constructivism | Structures determined by shared ideas Interests and ID r constructed by ideas foreign policies shaped by beliefs of elites, ID of states, norm Individuals matter national interests are the result of social ID Peace requires shared ID |
| Wendt | ID and interests are most important and social constructs Cooperation is the result of shared IDs and practices Anarchy of Friends is different from anarchy of enemies |
| Raggie | Constructionist. cooperation and peace based on principals IDs shared values. No balance of power. No balance between US and great Britain |
| Hobbesian Anarchy | Self-help selfish anarchy |
| Lockean anarchy | anarchy of competition. Not enemies but rivals |
| Kantian Anarchy | Anarchy of friends. Collective security, shared IDs, norms etc. |
| International Institutions for Constructionists | legitamacy comes from shared norms values and acceptance from states. |
| Bruce Cronin | Constructionist. Superpower will not be balanced as long as it is percieved as legitamate. Remain in place as long as it has shared IDs |
| Thomas Risse-Kappen | Constructionist. Legitamcy of ideas is contextual. Interests and anarchy exist but they are based on contexts. not about gains but who we are. Practices can change institutions |
| London School of IR | Henry BULL. System of states can not exist with out a society of staes. Societies of states are groups that bond based on rules, norms, economies, ideologies etc. Societies exist with in anarchy |
| Dependency Theory | Explains the resilience of authoritarian regimes. System center are the advanced, industrial, capitalist states and they have an interest in maintaining the system. Control the labor force and the import export in dependent countries. |
| Neo-Marxism | Bourgeoisie need to control the state to maintain authrity over proletariat. Physical control is not enough they need cultural hemogony and control over peoples IDs and culture. |
| GILL | Neo-Marxist Explain domination of great powers is not only economic. Based on ability to impose an ideology. |
| Robert COX | Neo-Marxist. Hegemony explained through norms and abilities. Soft power makes the likelihood of challenge unlikely. Cultural Hegemony |
| Radical/Marxism | Clashes between classes are inevitable. The focus is on economics. |
| Lenin | Marxist. Imperialism is the supreme state of capitalism. Imperialism adverted revolution by the expansion of markets and war is based off the fight for markets. |
| International Level of Analysis | What system level of factors affect the balances distribution of power.System as a whole explains behavior. |
| System | Composed of different units, objects or parts united by some form of regular interaction. A change in one affects the others. |
| Power (Hart) | Power is te control over actors, resources, and outcomes. But control over outcomes are the most important. |
| R. DAHL | power over actors is important but it means power over actions, agenda and preferences |
| Structural Realism | System in anarchic. Change in the structure affects behavior of the units. Looks at polarity and the distribution of power. Focuses on military capabilities. |
| Lebow and Kelly | Structural Realists. Hegemon must combine miltary and ideological power. Ideology gives acceptance. BIPOLAR system is the most stable. Actors are status quo and dominate all aspects of the system. |
| Rosecrance | Neo-realist. Bipolarity is dangerous because it leads to a zero sum game. There is to much polarization and anything can trigger a war. Multipolarity is stable because diffusion of power and high uncertainty. Diplomacy and regulators are important |
| Regulators | Diplomats. In Rosencrants theory of multipolarity they help to stabilize and understand the system through interaction. War is failure of the regulators. |
| Organski | Structural Realist. Challenges balance of power theory. Bipolarity and multipolarity are prone to war. Founder of Power transition theory. Peace is maintained by unequal distribution of power. Power includes more than military. |
| Power transition Theory | Organski. When power gap narrows between two states they are likely to go to war because wither the hegemon attempts to reduce power of other or rising power attempts to over throw dominate power. |
| Hegemonic Wars | Dominate power launches attack on rising power. Rising power could directly challenge the status quo. Peace comes from complete hegemony. Organski. |
| STARR | Power transition does not always result in war. Classical history is full of te rise nd fall of great powers. Ex. US and Great Britain did not go to war as US gained power. |
| GILPIN and MODELSKY | Neo realists Support power transition theory wars the results of the attempts to balance power or collapse of hegemon Multipolarity and Bipolarity are unstable Anarchy is overcome by a hierarchy of roles |
| Status Quo Discrepancies. | Gilpin. power means military and ideological capabilities but gives states STATUS Strong states can get what they want and restructure the system based on their views- weak states are excluded War is the result of states that have power but no status |
| GOLDING | Structural realist. status discrepancies can result in war because dissatisfied. Not automatic though because institutions can recognize rising power and appoint them status to avoid war. |
| Walt | Neo-Realist. states balnce against threat. |
| Balance of Threat | States cooperate to balance threats not power. Walt. |
| Bandwaggoning. | States will make alliances with the hegemon to protect interests and gain right to speak. Give up freedom of action. Stephen Walt |
| Structural Liberalism View of International system | analyzing process of interaction between states and non state actors. look at security issues and economic processes. A change in the system level creates a change in the structure |
| Keohane and Nye | Structural Liberals. Set of interdependent units constantly interacting. Very sensitive to others actions. Try to maximize interests besides power. |
| Henley BULL and Adam WATSON | Structural Liberals. Sovereignty of states. bound by identities of society and states are bound by common sets of rules. Similar to London School of IR |
| State Level analysis | Looks at how domestic politics affect foreign policy. Goes beyond survival and fight for power. |
| Observations of System Level of Analysis | Political Culture, regime type, ideologies, stability of domestic situation, economic conditions. |
| Cultural Approach to State Level Analysis | Difficult to define and rarely used. How does culture affect foreign policy? Can be used to transfer stereotypes and biases |
| Ideological Approach to State Level Analysis | Very Important factor in structuring Foreign Policy. Provides set of goals a state should aim for and provides a conceptual framework for understanding the world. Different ideologies increase chances of conflict. |
| Kissinger | Looks at ideology in state level of analysis. Conceptual framework influences decision making. Divides states into Western Liberal democracies, the soviet bloc, and charismatic revolutionaries. more beuracratic = more peaceful |
| Lateral Pressure | Robert NONTH. Large, advances nations require large amounts of resources. If they have sufficient resources then they are peaceful but states will go to war if pressure for resources. |
| Regime Type to State Level Analysis | Political structure will affect foreign policy. |
| LOWI | How regimes affect state level analysis. Democracies more war prone because ask for complete surrender based of ideology. Authoritarian regimes never ask for complete surrender, just for demands. Politicians in democracies are stuck by public opinion. EX- |
| Societal Stability In State Level Analysis | Examined by Krasner. States weak in society are influenced by demands of society. Less Bureaucratic means less rational. More unstable domestic politics, more unpredictable/rational foreign policy |
| Krasner | Looks at State level analysis. When states are seperated from societal pressures they are more rational. If open to society they consider irrational approaches. |
| Externalization | More stable politics = less conflict. Less stable = more conflict. Elites try to rally population around flag and push attention outward from internal pressures. |
| Bureaucratic level of analysis | In between state and individual. States are not always rational and decisions are based off of bureaucratic bargaining between fighting bureaucracies. Championed by ALLISON |
| Key assumptions of Bureaucratic level | Role of individuals in system is important states are irrational state composed of several bureaucracies Each organization has its own goals Decisions are based off bargaining. |
| 5 goals of bureaucracies | Defend mission and purpose expand responsibilities maintain autonomy maintain moral of bureaucracy insure budget goals |
| Standing Operation Procedure | The "book" by which bureaucracies operate. Individuals loose incentives and cant handle new crisis. results can be catastrophic |
| Criticisms of Bureaucratic Level | Cant be used for predictions, only in hindsight need too much information about inner workings of bureaucracy Requires transparent states and detailed info about individual roles |
| Individual level of analysis | Individuals do not see reality differently and do not always act rational. Examines the background of the individual and their affect on the system. Perfect decision making does not exist because information and external factors are limiting. |
| Value Complex | When individuals are confronted with conflicting information they fit it into their belief system. Cant understand or analyze it all so they fit it to meet existing beliefs. |
| Individual responses to Uncertainty | Procrastination Bolstering- make a decision then find information that supports it and ignore contradictions |
| Crisis | High threat depending on value Surprise (Stress will change response) Time constraints Fatigue stress |
| Characteristics of a State | bound territory A specific population Government International Recognition Sovereignty States is a moral entity |
| Theocratic States | Law is based on religion and will affect international relations Ex- Vatican, Iran, Arabia |
| Rogue States | Developed by David LAKE and not a legal definition of a state. States that develop weapons of mass destruction, have aggressive foreign policy and support terrorism. All revisionist power and not all fit deff. Obama dropped deff. |
| Weak States | State can not guarantee safety of citizens. Institutions are weak. States can not provide public goods. State can not exercise authority. |
| Failed States | Society and Institutions as a whole collapse and fail to exist. Can no Ex. Somalia |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Changed France to a revisionist power. Wanted to restore old power but was not as strong as original. Made Paris, France the center for diplomacy. |
| Splendid Isolationism | Britain during the 19th Century. Was a worl power but stayed out of European Politics because it would tip the balance of power. |
| Treaty or Versailles | 1919. Ended WWI. Blamed Germany for war. Created the League of nations. First attempt at collective security. |
| Munich Agreement | 1938 Gave Czechoslovakia to Germany if Hitler stopped, but he did not. |
| Non-Aggression pact | 1939 Agreement between Hitler and Stalin that Hitler broke |
| Nationalism | devotion and allegiance to the national and the shared characteristics of its peoples |
| Containment | Truman Doctrine that tried to block the growth of Communism |
| MAD | Mutual Assured Destruction. If one side starts attack then everyone in system will be destroyed. |
| Trans-nationalism | across national state boundaries/based on interests and coalitions across traditional state boundaries |
| Fll of Berlin Wall | 1989 signifies the end of the cold war |
| Realist View of the State | an autonomous actor, constrained by anarchy of system, sovereign, interests are power |
| Liberal View of the State | A process of contenting interests, reflection of governmental and societal interests, changing interests |
| Radical View of the State | the executing agent of bourgeoisie, influenced by pressure from the capitalist class, constrained by the structure of the system |
| Constructionist view if the state | The state is socially constructed, shaped by international norms and changing national interests that reshape ID, socialized by IGOs and NGOs |
| Institutions (book) | processes and structures of social order around which relatively stable group expectations and IDs coverge |
| NeoLiberal Institutions | States will cooperate because of continuous interactions with each other and because it is in self interest. Institutions provide te frame work for this cooperation |
| Multilateralism | conduct of international activity by three or more states in accord with shared general principals often through international institution |
| Stratification | uneven distribution of resources among different groups of individuals |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823 Kicked Europe out of American affairs and establish the United States as a World Power. Resulted in the Spanish American War which the US won |
| Congress of Berlin | 1895 Carved up Africa under European powers |
| Window of Opportunity/ Window of Vulnerability | In Organski's power transition theory. When a rising power grows in military, economy, democracy, beuracracy, population, enabled leadership etc. it presents an opportunity to overthrow the existing hegemon |
| Sovereignty | State has absolute control over public domain with in its borders. Established at the Peace of Westerphalia. Is currently being challenged by interference of NGOs |
| Stephen Walt | Balance of threat. Powers will Bandwaggon with great power against a threat. |
| Henry BULL | London School of IR. Society of states |
| Russet's Three Requirements for Peace | Democratic Regimes Economic Interdependence International Institutions to Mediate |
| Kantes requirements for Peace | Public consitutions (No monarchy/ absolutism) state federation (cooperation) cosmopolitan law ( regulate state interactin) |
| Cultural Hegemony | Robert Cox. Hegemony requires control over the ideology and culture. |
| Classical Realist Authors | Thucidydes Machiavelli Hobbes Monegenthau |
| Neo-Realist Authors | Waltz Dahl Hart Gilpin Moldesky Mearshiemmer Layne Rosecrance Lebow+ Kelly Organskis Walt |
| Classical Liberal Authors | Locke Kante Mantesquieu |
| Noe-Liberal Authors | Wilson Keohane Axelrod Miller Krasner Russet Doyle |
| Authors in Support of Democratic Peace | RUSSET Doyle Owen |
| Authors that Modified Democratic Peace | Levi Rosseau Layne |
| Authors completely Against Democratic Peace | Mansfield, Snyder and Levi Hellman, Herborth |
| Authors on Hegemonic Stability | Keohane Krasner |
| Constructionist Authors | Asheley Wendt Conin Raggie Risse-Kappen |
| Neo-Marxist Authors | Cox Gill |
| Definers of Power | Nye Gilpin Hart Dahl |
| Authors on State Level Analysis | Kissinger Nonth Krasner Lowi |
| Liberal View of Institutions | Necessary to form cooperation. Create legal liability, transparency in information, lower cost of transaction, foster interaction, help in times of market failure. |
| Realist View of Insitutions | Range from completely useless to possibly helpful but just a tool for states to gain more power. It is still power politics. |
| Constructivist view of Insitutions | Existing regimes and norms give institutions their legitimacy. If states do no identify with the beliefs of the institution then they are useless |
| Wendt's Key Assumptions of Constructivism | States are the principal unit of Analysis. Key Structures are subjective not material. States's IDS are more important and subjective than material forces |
| Wendt's social Theory of International Relations | People bring meaning to material situations. Narchy is what states make of it, not predetermined. Anarchy is contextual not absolute. Changes based on shared IDs |
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