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History 1
History Exam Section One: Reconstruction
| Reconstruction Questions/Terms | Reconstruction Answers |
|---|---|
| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction of 1863 | It was devised by Lincoln. It said that 10% of the population had to take an oath of allegiance to the union and receive a pardon from the president in order for that state to be readmitted to the union. It was widely unaccepted in Congress. |
| 13th Amendment | Lincoln. It ended slavery but didn't tell us how. It did not provide the tools to enforce it. It did not provide political rights. |
| Wade-Davis Bill | Lincoln vetoed it so it never became a bill. It would have required 50% of the voters of the southern states to take an oath of loyalty. It permitted only non-confederates to vote for the new state constitutions. |
| Freedman’s Bureau (1864) | Lincoln. It was supposed to provide food, shelter, and medical aid for homeless whites and freed slaves. |
| Proclamation of Amnesty in 1865 | Andrew Johnson. It said that the president would not pardon confederates who were worth of 20,000 dollars at the time of the war. The reality was that they could apply for an exception. He granted exceptions to all those who applied. |
| Black Codes | Andrew Johnson. They deprived African Americans of their rights. They were color blind laws. |
| Grandfather Clause | Andrew Johnson. It said that the people who could not meet the former taxes were allowed to vote if their grandfather voted in the former elections. |
| KKK - Ku Klux Klan | This group was formed in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee. They hoped to hinder the process of integrating former slaves into mainstream society. They wanted to scare free African Americans and white Republicans. |
| Tenure of Office Act | It required that the senate approve the removal from office any persons who had been initially confirmed by the senate. This prohibited the president from firing anyone in his cabinet. |
| Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 | It divided the south into five military occupied districts. In order for the states to be readmitted to the union and have troops leave, they had to pass the 14th amendment. The last to ratify was Georgia in 1870. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | It said that all citizens, except Indians, were entitled to full and equal protection of the laws. It was unsuccessful. |
| 14th Amendment | It was passed in 1868. It provided citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the United States. It said whatever percentage of people that were denied the right to vote would be the percentage of representatives that the state would lose. |
| 14th Amendment Continued | It said if you serve in the federal government, then in the confederacy, you could no longer hold elected office. It nullifies all of the debts of the confederacy. It took more away from the planters. |
| 14th Amendment Continued | The south would not pass this so Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act to force the south to pass the amendment. |
| 15th Amendment | It defined the right to vote. People thought that former slaves should be allowed to vote. Republicans passed this in order to secure the former slaves' vote. The south was hesitant to pass this amendment as well. So, the south began to use Black Codes. |
| Scalawags | native, white, southern, Republicans |
| Carpetbaggers | northern, white Republicans |
| Brief Universal Male Suffrage | All men could briefly vote. |
| Enforcement Acts | They provided penalties for interfering with the right to vote. It provided federal protection for all elections. It allowed for the suspension of Habeus Corpus to stop the KKK's actions. It proved how resistant southern states were to reconstruction. |
| Compromise of 1877 | In the election of 1876, Republican Hayes ran against Democratic Tilden. The electoral votes from three southern states were disputed. The agreement said that Hayes would recieve those votes if he removed the troops. Hayes agreed and removed the troops. |
| Home Rule | After the Compromise of 1877, Democrats, also known as Bourbon Redeemers, took over the southern states' governments. They instituted Home Rule. This was rule by native, white, southern Democrats. |
| Jim Crow Laws | They helped America to become segregated. |
| Jim Crow Laws: Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896 | This made "seperate but equal" legal. |
| Share Cropping | Southern planters had land but no cash. They allowed people to live on the land and work it for a share of the crops. It was inescapable because you had to rent the house, land, and tools, then you only got a part of the crops. |
| Washington | He believed that African Americans should get an education and learn a trade. With this, equality would eventually come. He attended Hamton Institute, a school for freed slaves. He founded Tuskegee Institute, a trade school for African Americans. |
| Dubois | He believed that Washington was a fool. he thought that African Americans needed to fight for their rights now. He went to Fisk College, a historically African American college in Tennessee. He then went to Harvard and earned a PHD. |
| Dubois Continued | He went to Germany to avoid discrimination and finish his studies. He founded the NAACP in 1909. |
| Reconstruction Evaluated | Most Confederates kept their land. Only one Confederate was hung. The President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, served one prison term. Only 10-15% of southerners were disenfranchised but regained their voting rights by 1872. |
| Reconstruction Evaluated Continued | Black Americans obtained only limited political power, but retained into for a very short period. Reconstruction was relatively mild. |
| Short Term Issues of Reconstruction | Both the President and Congress thought that they could direct reconstruction. The constitution does not deal with the subject of reconstruction. |
| Long Term Issues of Reconstruction | It had to rebuild the south. Southern states also had to be reintegrated into the Union. |
| What are the two types of reconstruction? | presidential and congressional |
| Election of 1864 | This election was during the Civil War. Only the Union voted in this election. During this election, Lincoln had a very small base of support. McClellan received 45% of the popular vote. |
| Lincoln's Death | He was assassinated on April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth. He was killed in Ford Theater. Andrew Johnson became president. |
| Congressional Election of 1865 | This election brought congressional opposition to a high point. The southern states sent eleven well-known former confederates, including the Vice President of the Confederacy, to Congress. |
| Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner | Thaddeus Stevens represented the House and Charles Sumner represented the Senate. Both of these men were radicals in Congress. They wanted to totally chane the social structure of the south. |
| African Americans in Congress | A large number of free African Americans participated in the reorganized southern governments. 600 African Americans served in the Southern Legislature. Two African Americans served in the United States senate while fourteen served in the House. |
| Corruption | The Governor of one southern state was able to save $100,000 in one year. This was corrupt because he only had an $8,000 annual salary. |
| Reform | There was Brief Universal Male Suffrage. A state supported public school system was established. There was an improved tax system. Property rights for women were recognized. The info-structure of the south was repaired. |
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