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Microanatomy II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three main functions of respiratory system? | 1. Absorption of oxygen from air and removal of carbon dioxide from tissues. 2.Perception of odors, smells and flavors 3.production of sound and speech |
| What are the two parts of the respiratory system? | 1. upper respiratory tract that channels air from outside into the lungs 2.lower respiratory system that allows interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Components of upper respiratory system and funtion | mouth, nose, sinuses,nasopharynx, pharynx,larynx,bronchi and bronchioles.Function is to filter, warm and moisture air |
| Components of lower respiratory system and funtion | terminal bronchioles,alveolar ducts, and alveoli with their adjacent capillaries.Oxygen is absorbed and transferred to blood stream, and carbon dioxide is removed from it |
| muscular membrane that separates thoracic from abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| Type of epithelial tissue covering the nasal passages | outer nasal passage has non-keratinizing squamous epithelium,deeper into the nasal passages and sinuses this changes to ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium |
| what is the Waldeyer's ring | nasopharyngeal and palatine tonsils |
| trachea tissue description | fibrous connective tissue consisting of 15-20 C ring shaped of cartilage lined with ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and small number of goblet cells |
| Primary bronchus structure | compared to trachea: respiratory epithelium is less tall, contains more elastin, less Seromucinous glands,cartilage is flattened |
| Bronchiole | 1mm diameter, epithelium is ciliated columnar cells and few goblet cells, terminal and respiratory bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced by Clara cells.wall composed of smooth muscle |
| Function of Clara cells | produce one component of surfactant, act as steam cells, contain enzymes that detoxify noxious substances |
| alveoli function and composition | site of gaseous exchange. Each alveoulus consist of a round pocket lined by pneumocyte I or II |
| pneumocyte I description | thin cells with large surface area covered by a thin layer of surfactant |
| Where occur gas exchange | across the wall of alveoli |
| what are dust cells | macrophages with their ingested particles located in surrounding supporting vessels of the lung |
| what is the bronchial vascular system | Bronchial vascular system: Bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to the bronchial tree from the main bronchi down to the terminal bronchioli |
| Pulmonary vascular system | this is the gaseous exchange system.Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the capillary bed of alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Oxygenated blood drains into branches of pulmonary vein and from here is delivered to left atrium of heart |
| GI tract has four functional layers | mucose, submucose, muscularis propria, and adventitia |
| GI mucosa description | made up of three components:epithelium, supporting lamina propria, and a thin smooth muscle layer |
| GI submucosa description | loose collagenous supporting tissue for the mucosa and contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves |
| GI muscularis propria | smooth muscle that is arranged as inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer |
| Adventitia | outer layer of loose supporting tissue, conducts major vessels nerves and adipose tissue |
| Interstitial cells of Cajal | pacemaker cells that initiate contraction of smooth muscle cells |
| Basic mucosal forms in GI tract | 1.Protective 2.Secretory 3. Absorptive, 4. Absorptive/Protective |
| Protective form description | found in mouth, oesophagous and anal canal. Surface epithelium is stratified squamous |
| Secretory form description | Occurs only in stomach, mucose consist of long closely packed tubular gland |
| Absorptive form description | Typical of small intestine. Mucose is arrange into finger-like projections with short glands called crypts |
| Absorptive/Protective form description | Lines the large intestine |
| Brunner's glands | Theses are some crypts that extend through muscularis mucosae in duodenum |
| Anatomically division of stomach | Cardia, fundus,body and pylorus |
| Gastric glands contain a mixed population of cells | surface mucous cells, neck mucous cells,parietal or oxyntic cells, chief peptic or zymogenic cells, neuroendocrine cells, and stem cells |
| surface mucous cells | secrete protective bicarbonate into deeper layers of surface mucous coat |
| neck mucous cells | these cells have larger secretory granules and more polyribosomes than surface mucous cells |
| parietal or oxyntic cells | secrete gastric acid as well as intrinsic factor (glycoprotein necessary for absortion of Vitamin B12 in ileum |
| chief peptic or zymogenic cells | pepsine secreting cells |
| neuroendocrine cells | secrete gastrin, somatostatin, serotonine, and secretin etc |
| small intestine has three segments: | duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| small intestine wall composition | mucose, submucose, muscularis , and serose |
| cells lining small bowel | Absorptive columnar cells known as enterocytes and mucous producing goblet cells |
| define plicae | extensively folded circular arrangements of mucose and submucose of small intestine |
| crypts of Lieberkhun | small depresions of the mucose that go deeper into lamina propria in the ileum |
| principal cells in crypts | stem cell, |
| Paneth cells | secrete some enzymes |
| Peyer's patches | aggregations of lymphoid tissue |
| Brunner;s glands | contain large cells secreting mucous and a glycoprotein that act to buffer the gastric secretion |
| Large intestine divided into segments: | cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon,descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum |
| large intestine structure | similar to other parts of GI tract, cells lining the wall are composed for absorptive and mucous secreting cellls |
| Liver functions: | synthesis of complex molecules from simple substances, breakdown of ingested toxic substances and bile secretion |
| microanatomically liver consist of two parts: | 1.parenchyma: ephitilal in origen and have the hepatocytes that perform the work of the liver and 2. stroma: give liver shape and structure |
| hepatic lobules | hepatocytes arranged in sheets and form hexagons, each lobule have a central vein, where three lobules adjoin have the portal tract which consist of supportive tissue, a branch of hepatic artery,a branch of portal vein, lymphatic vessel, and a bile duct |
| Glisson's capsule | sheet of dense supportive tissue that covers the liver |
| liver blood supply | it is dual: one from the hepatic artery, delivers oxygenated blood from the heart. the second one from the hepatic portal that carries partially oxygenated blood, it comes from the GI and and the spleen; therefore,it has the nutrients & Hb waste products |
| Kupfer cells | derived from monocytes, are the phagocitic cells of liver |
| gall bladder function | store and concentrate secretions from liver |
| mucose of gall bladder | has a ephitelial lining of tall columnar cells with microvilli, ephitelial cells are separated from the lamina propria for a delicate basement membrane.Lamina propria has loose supportive tissue |
| pancreatic acinar cells secrete precursor forms of enzymes: | trypsinogen,lipases,peptidase, amylase and estearase |
| pancreatic enzime production is controlled for two enzymes which are produced by neoroendocrine cells in the small intestine | secretin and cholecystokinin |
| function of enzyme secretin | influences the production of watery secretions containing high labels of bicarbonate ions |
| cholecystokinin function | controls production of digestive enzyme precursor |
| microscopically the pancreas shows features of tubo acinar gland | in low power, the division into lobules is easy to identify.Lobules contain certain number of acini. Each acinus has a single layer of secretory ephitelial cells sorrounding a tiny central lumen. |
| functions of urinary system | production, transport, storage and expulsion of aqueous solutions of metabolic waste products |
| urinary system components | two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra |
| in a cross section of the kidneys three structures will be seen: | an outer layer of red dark cortex,an inner layer of striated medulla and a system of pale coloured dilated structures connected to the hilum |
| functional part of the kidney | nephron |
| two components of the nephron | -glomerolus consisting of turf of capillaries -cortical and medullary portions of renal tubules |
| cortex | has mainly the glomeruli, the parenchyma consists of epithelial lined tubules, glomerula structures are associated with basement membrane and lymphatics. All of this packed very tighly, leavn a small space for supportive tissue. |
| Medulla | consist of tubules, blood vessels and lymphatics, but increased amount of supportive tissue. |
| two types of cells in medulla | A spindle shaped cell that is probably responsable for producing interstitial extracelullar substance and other that has stellate cytoplasm and is probbly of neuroendocrine nature and is associated with blood pressure control |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | located in cortex, adjacent to afferent and efferent arterioles. JGA are a clump of cells associated to blood pression regulation |
| proximal convoluted tubule | absorbs 80% of fluid that enters it.sodium and chloride are actively readsorbed and water is adsorbed by osmosis |
| urinary bladder ephitelium | transitional ephitelium called urothelium |
| defense systems of the body | acute inflammatory mechanism and immune response |
| acute inflammatory mechanism | first response to foreing object, bacteria,toxic substance or injury.Initial response is done for cells that are already in affected tissues, blood flow increases and more cellls come to site of infection |
| immune response | more specific and targets response to certain chemical groups of target. two characteristics are important immuno response recognizes the self and has immunological memory. |
| immune response mechanism | first, Ag presenting cells recognize the Ag as being non self. Ag presenting cells are:macrophages, dendritic cells and B-lymphocytes. The, specific response is initiated |
| Macrophages and dendritics cells location | in the supportive tissue, beneth epithelial surfaces and in lymphoid tissue(associated with GI, ephitelial and bronchial mucose), and adjacent to body cavities surfaces |
| sites of reproduction of lymphocytes | lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues |
| chronic inflammatory reaction | presence of lymphocytes and macrophages surrounding an area of tissue |
| giant cells | macrophages associated with long term inflammatory response that fuse together |
| Langhan's cells | giant cells associated with tubercular granulomas |
| humoral response | imcludes sensitization of B lymphocytes, conversion of B cells to plasma cells and production of of antiglobulines to react with foreing antigen |
| Plasma cells | B cells become activated, cells reproduce into clones and differenciate to form plasma cells or B memory cells |
| Lymphoid tissue | bone marrow,thymus,lymph nodes,spleen,mucose associated lymphoid tissues |
| hormones produced by thymus that help produce, maturate and fuctioning of T cells in tissues | thymulin,thymopoietin and thymosin. |
| lymphatic nodes main purposes | 1. filters to trap particulate material and physically remove it from circulation 2.place were Ag, Ag presenting cells react to begin recognition, activation and cloning of lymphocytes. |
| lymph nodes contain three cell types: | Lymphoid cells: any form of lymphocyte, T cells plasm cells, mature to immature 2. accesory cells: Ag pressenting cells and macrophages 3. stromal cells: Endothelial cells and fibroblasts |
| spleen functions: | 1.extraction of particulate substances from circulation 2.removal of damaged, old, or Ab coated from systemic circulation 3.initiation of of immune responses to Ags circulating in the systemic circulation 4. red cells production in fetus |
| cells communication that involves use of secreted messanger molecules may be divided into three: | autocrine: cells produce a messanger molecule to react with own receptor cells paracrine:cells produce messanger molecules to react with adjacent cells receptors endocrine: messenger molecules secreed into blood stream to act on cells physically distant |
| hormones | messenger molecules produce by cells of endocrine system, consisting of glycoproteins,peptides, steroids, amino acids and amines |
| endocrine cells may occur in th ree different configurations | 1. as discrreet membrane bound organs that just secreet hormones 2.as clustersof cells contained within the within the structure of another organ(pancreas, ovaries, testes) 3. as individual cells dispersed among tissues of mucosal surfaces |
| based on IHC cells of anterior pituitary may be categorized as: | somatotrophs-growh hormone (GR), lactotrophs-prolactin (PRL),tyrotrophs-thyrotrophin (TSH)), gonadotrops-gonadotrophin (FSH/LH), corticotrops-adrenocorticotrophin(ACTH), lipo-tropin (LPH), melanin- stimulant hormone(MSH), cells with no reactivity. |
| posterior pituitary secreets two hormones: | oxytocin and vasopressin or or antidiuretic hormone |
| pineal gland | consist of pinealocytes (sintetize melatonin-hormone influences circadian rhytms ans sleep patterns) and glial cells |
| role of pineal gland | associated with sleep patterns, circadian rhytms and reproduction |
| thyroid function | secret tri-iodothyronine(T3), Thyroxine(T4) and calcitonin. Thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rates, influence protein synthesis, affect heat regulation y regulates metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates |
| thyroid conformation | consist of innumerable follicles containing a secretory product, tyroglobulin. This is an intermediate product substance stored in the follicles. |
| thyroid C or parafollicular cells | produce calcitonin |
| calcitonin function | inhibits absorption of calcium from bone by reducing osteoclast activity, and regulates calciun ions. Activity of C cells seems to be controlled by blood calcium levels |
| thyroid disorders | iodine deficiency- thyroid goitres, no hormonal imbalances aotimmune disorders-Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease inflammatory conditions |
| parathyroid glands location | located in the neck in the region of thyroid gland |
| type of cells that have the parathyroid gland | supportive cells, chief and oxyphil cells |
| chief cells | secrete parathormone, wich plays a major role in calcium regulation |
| adrenal or suprarenal glands location | located close to superior pole of kidney |
| adrenal gland diveded in two zones: | outer cortex and inner medulla |
| adrenal cortex has three zones: | zone glomerulosa- synthesizes aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone zona fasciculata-synthesizes cortisol and corticosterone zona reticularis- synthesizesandrogenic steroids and glucocorticoid |
| which hormones are produced for the adrenal medulla | adrenaline(epinephrine),noradrenalin (norepinephrine),some peptides, enkephalins |
| what is the name of endocrine cells of pancreas that form clusters? | islets of Langerhans |
| There are four types of pancreatic cells: | 70% are insilin secreting cells or B cells -20% glucagon secreting cells or A cells -8% somatostatinsecreting cells or D cells -2% pancreatic polypeptides or F cells -others secrete vasoactine, intestinal peptide, serotonina, somatostatina,motilina |
| testes produce androgens, wich are the two main one androgens? | testoterone and stradiol |
| what are cells that produce androgens? | Leyding cells |
| wich are the hormones secreted by ovarian folicles? | Progesterone and estrogens (estradiol,estrone and estriol) |
| Many hormone secring cells are difused throughout the supportive tissue of the body, this is the diffuse endocrine system | these are know as APUD cells - amine precursor uptake and decarboxilation |
| Many of APUD cells secrete hormones or peptides to control processes in adjacent cells or within close proximity | autocrine or paracrine influence |
| female reproductive system composition | paired ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina these are known as internal genitalia |
| external genitalia | labia majora, labia minora, vestibule or introitus, vestibular glands and clitoris |
| labia majora tissue composition | modified skin, contains substantial amounts of subcutaneous fat and obliquely oriented hair follicles. eccrine sweat glands; apocrine and sebaceous glands |
| labia minora tissue composition | covered by skin but not fat or air follicles, abundant blood vessels and elastic fibres |
| vagina tissue composition | comprised of mucosa, a muscularis and an adventitia. mucosa folded into rugae. Mucosa contains a surface layer of non-keratinized stratified squamous ephitelium and a lamina propria. |
| vagina's lamina propria | it has irregular supportive tissues, elastic fibres and numerous blood vessels |
| uterus divided in three regions | fundus, body and cervix |
| portion of cervix that is located within the vagina is called | ecto-cervix |
| ecto-cervix ephitelium | non-queratinizing stratified squamous ephitelium and contains variable amounts of glycogen dependent on hormones levels |
| cervix tissue composition | consist of supportive tissue, especially collagen and some smooth muscle |
| uterus tissue description | body and funud are similar. They have a mucosal lining, muscular layer and a serosa. serosal consists of single layer of flattened mesothelial cells. muscular layer myometrium consist of three layers of smooth muscle, with supportive tissue,arteries,veins |
| Fallopian tubes tissue composition | lining of specialized ephitelium, lamina propria, layers of smooth muscle and simple serosal surface |
| ovary division | cortex and medulla |
| ovarian cortex contains two cell and tissue populations | -supporting cells, fibroblasts, collagen and reticulin fibres and lipid containing cells -cells associated with gamete production, oocytes, primordial fillicles and secondary follicles |
| placenta's functional unit | chorionic villus, each villus is derived from trophoblasts cells of the embryo |
| placenta viewed microscopically has innumerable clumps of cells, wich are: | cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts and mesenchymal connective tissue |
| umbilical cord | connection between fetus and placenta |
| umbilical cord on cross section contains three blood vessels | two umbilical arteries and one umbilical cord |
| Wharton's jelly | contains hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, fine collagenous fibres, and stellate mesenchymal cells |
| male reproductive system | consist of testes,penis,system of tubular structures for storage and transfer of germinal cells and a number of glandular elements |
| testes | endocrine and exocrine functions |
| scrotum tissue description | covered by keratinized stratified squamous ephitelium containing oblique hair follicles and numerous eccrine sweat glands |
| testis contain seminiferous tubules, what is their function | tubulus are lined by germinal ephitelial celss, which are producing male gametes( spermatocytes) |
| Epididymis | single, convoluted attached to posterior aspect of testis by vascular loose connective tissue |
| vas deferens | straight tube through spermatic cord along with arteries, veins and lymphatics, that leads from tail of epididymis, connects to ejaculatory duct |
| seminal vesicles | secrete a liquid that contains fructose and other sugars, prostaglandins, proteins, and amino acids; these are thougth to provide nutrients to spermatozoa |
| prostate | compound exocrine gland composed of tubo acinar glands embedded in a stroma of fibro- muscular tissue and supportive tissue |
| function of prostatic secretions | include acid phosphatasa, proteolytic enzymes, citric acid, amylase and high levels of zinc: this secretion helps to liquify the mucoid consistency of seminal fluid, modifies pH of vagina to help spermatozoa have longer survival |
| penis | consist of three cylindrical bands of erectile tissue, supportive tissue, blood vessels and is covered in a layer of thin skin |
| the wall of heat consists of three layers | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| average blood pressure within the pulmonary circulation is: | 15mm Hg |
| blood in portal circulation | passes from bowel to the liver |
| which ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary vein | right ventricle |
| where is located the entrance to coronary arteries | in the aorta just above the aortic valve |
| flow of lymph within lymphatic system is caused by: | smooth muscle contraction in vessel walls |
| circulatory system | transport immune cells, circulates drugs and antibiotics and plays a role in thermoregulation |
| heart valves consist of | fibrous connective tissue covered by endothelial cells |
| In a muscular artery, most prominent layer will be: | Internal elastic lamina |
| lacrimal glands drain into | nasal cavities |
| nosopharynx is the only site in main respiratory tract that is lined by estratified squamous ephitelium | false |
| collection of lymphoid tissue in pharynx and nasopharynx | Waldeyer's ring |
| Clara cells may be found in | bronchiolos |
| thoracic cavity is separated from abdominal cavity by | diaphragm |
| parietal and visceral pleura are | coated with pleural fluid |
| lower end of trachea does not enter lungs | true |
| lymphatic drainage system of the lungs | passes through lymph nodes adjacent to bronchus |
| alveolar macrophages | may be known as dust cells, heart failure cells and contain lysosomes |
| Oxygeneted blood from lungs travels through | pulmonary veins |
| Peyer's patch | mass of lymphoid tissue usually seen in the lamina propria |
| oral cavity is lined by | stratified squamous epethelium |
| Auerbach's plexus may be foud | between muscle layers of external muscularis |
| there are more goblet cells in the distal than in proximal colon | true |
| columnar epithelial cells lining the tubular glands in the gastric mucose secrete | hydrochloric acid, proteolytic enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones |
| external bands of muscle in large intestine are | taenia coli |
| surface cells of the stomach produce | gastric mucine |
| Paneth cells are | found in crypts of Lieberkuhn |
| Brunner's glands | secrete alkaline mucous in duodenum |
| Capsule covering outer surface of liver | Glisson's capsule |
| Not a constituent of bile | lipase |
| suply blood to liver | hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery |
| Endothelial cells that line sinusoides of liver do not have a basement membrane | true |
| acinar cells of pancreas | contain numerous ribosomes and rough RE |
| point in duodenum at which bile enters lumen is called: | ampulla of Vater |
| Embriologically, hepatocytes are derived from: | Ephitelial cells |
| Kupffer cells may be found | in the sinusoids of the liver |
| which are not components of the gall bladder | thick layer of smooth muscle and large aggregations of lymphoid tissue |
| when viewed microscopically, a portal tract will be seen to contain | a small muscular artery, a thin walled vein, a small bile duct and a smal lymphatic vessel |
| Kidney will always attempt to excrete as mucha water as possible | false |
| a blood vessel entering a glomerular tuft is | afferent arteiole |
| wall of the ureter contains | 2-3 incomplete layers of smooth muscle |
| The interstitium of the renal cortex contains | scanty supportive tissue cells and fine strands of collagen and reticulin |
| what portion of the nephron follows the proximal convoluted tubule | descending thick loop of Henle |
| the medulla contains large numbers of | loops of Henle |
| distal and proximal convoluted tubules are lined by | simple cuboidal apithelium |
| Ephitelial cells that lined the urinary bladder | are interconnected by desmosomes and tight junctions |
| what percentage of the cardiac output of blood goes to kidneys | 20-25% |
| Basic fuctional unit of kidney | nephron |
| Acute inflammation | will persist until stimulus is removed |
| predominant cells in a lymphoid follicle | B cells |
| In an adult, the thymus | becames involuted and is replaced by adipose tissue |
| large number of lymphocytes concentrated in an specific tissue site often indicates | cell mediated response is under way or a chronic inflammatory reaction is present |
| In a plasma cell, a pale zone near the nucleous is most likely to be | Golgi apparatus |
| red pulp of spleen consists of | red blood cellsand sinusoids |
| Blood flow into a lymph node enters | by way of an afferent vessel that penetrates the hilum |
| lymphocytes | are most accurately classified by IHC techniques and appear similar microscopically regardless of their subtypes |
| which cells are not involved in an accute inflammatory reaction | plasma cells |
| a humoral response involves | sensitization of B lymphocytes, differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells and production of specific antibodies by plasma cells |
| endocrine hormones will react with any cells | false |
| the surface of pineal gland is covered by | pis mater and arachnoids membranes |
| the thyroid is originally derived from neuroendocrine tissues in the embryo | false |
| pituitary growth hormone is synthesized by | somatotrophs |
| melatonin | is not secreted by the neurohypophysis |
| parafollicular cells | are not found in the parathyroid glands |
| secretory cells of theadrenal medulla are sometimes known as | chromaffin cells |
| noradrenalin | is not synthesized by cells found in the islets of Langerhans |
| islets of Langerhans are more concentrated in the head of the pancreas | false |
| endocrine cells may not accur in the following configuration | as sheets of cells forming the walls of sinusoids |
| elevated estrogen levels will cause | glycogen to accumulate in the cytoplasm of vaginal ephitelial cells |
| cells lining the endocervical canal | are ciliated columnar |
| capillaries seen within a placental villus contain maternal bood cells | false |
| In the external genitalia of a prepubescent female, which glands are present | eccrine sweat glands |
| myometrium contains | collagenous connective tissue and abundant smooth muscle |
| ovary is attached to uterus by the ovarian and suspensory ligaments | true |
| the wall of the vagina consists of a statified endothelial lining, a muscular layer and an outer serosal layer | false |
| in the ovary, a primary follicle | has a surronding layer of stromal granulosa cells |
| primordial plasma cells | are not found within the umbilical cord |
| hormone secreting cells in the testes are | Leydig cells |
| most prominent cells in the epididymis are the transitional cells that line the tubules | false |
| during their passage through the epididymis, spermatozoa | become motile |
| the vas deferens is lined by columnar ephitelial cells | true |
| prostaglandin | is not a constituent of prostatic secretion |
| when immature spermatozoa pass through the seminal vesicles, any remnats of germinal cell cytoplasm are rem;oved by Sertoli cells | true |
| cells lining the glands of the prostate | contain rough ER,Golgi, and secretory granules, and are tall columnar cells with pale nuclei |
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dduque
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