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U.S. History
Unit 11 and Unit 12 Assessment Review: The Cold War and Postwar America
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Unit 11 and Unit 12 Test Review: The Cold War and Postwar America | |
| 1. Satellite nations: Countries under the control of the Soviet Union; Had to remain communist and follow USSR policy | 2. Containment: Taking measures to prevent the spread and extension of communism in other countries |
| 3. Subversion: Effort to weaken society and overthrow its government | 4. Closed Shop: Businesses that were forced to hire only union members |
| Right to work laws: Outlawed union shops which forced workers to join unions after they started to work | |
| United Nations Compromise | 1. Delegates from 39 countries met at Dumbarton Oaks, D.C. in 1944 |
| 2. Created the United Nations | 3. UN would be composed of a General Assembly (Members would have 1 vote) and a Security Council with 11 members (5 permanent members would have veto power) |
| 4. April 25, 1945, 50 countries met in San Francisco to design the UN charter (constitution) | |
| Yalta Conference Agreements | 1. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Yalta in February 1945 |
| 2. Agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by USSR as long as members of prewar Polish government were included and free elections were held | 3. Declaration of Liberated Europe stated all people could choose form of government they wanted. Europeans could create democratic organizations and temporary governments and promised free elections and a government that represented the people |
| 4. Germany was split into 4 zones with Britain, France, U.S., and USSR controlling one zone; Berlin was split as well (Inside USSR zone) | |
| Concerns for Soviet Union post WWII | 1. Wanted to keep Germany weak 2. Wanted countries between them and Germany under Soviet control 3. Wanted to spread communism |
| Agreements of German reparations and economy between U.S. and USSR | • Stalin and USSR could take reparations from their zone of Germany |
| • Allows would allow industry to grow in other zones | • Offered Stalin a small amount of industrial equipment from other zones |
| • Truman offered to accept the new German-Polish border the Soviets established | |
| Truman’s containment theory: | Truman believed that keeping communism within it present territory through either diplomatic, economic, or military actions would result in the downfall of communism |
| Truman Doctrine gave aid to: | 1. Turkey 2. Greece |
| Soviet Union response to U.S., France, and Britain merging their zones of Germany in 1948: | • In June 1948, Soviets blockaded West Germany |
| Warsaw Pact formed in response to: | • Formation of NATO |
| What event caused a shift in American policy in Japan? | • Once China became Communist, the U.S. adopted policies to encourage quick recovery of Japan’s industrial economy |
| Korean War as a turning point in the Cold War: | • U.S. and Soviet troops had entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops based there after the end of WWII |
| • Korea was divided at the 38th parallel | • On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded the South and quickly pushed back South Korean forces |
| • Truman called on UN to act and ordered U.S. naval and air power to take action | • On September 15, 1950, MacArthur ordered an attack at Inchon, behind enemy lines |
| Impact of HUAC in Hollywood: | • One of first trials focused on film industry |
| • Ronald Reagan testified that there were Communists in Hollywood | • “Hollywood 10” – 10 screenwriters used 5th Amendment rights to protect themselves from serious incrimination |
| • Producers began to blacklist anyone who might possibly be a Communist and those who refused to cooperate with HUAC | |
| Why did Truman fire General MacArthur? | • After Truman refused to expand the war, MacArthur began to publicly criticize the president |
| • Said it was a mistake to keep the war limited | • Felt limited war was a form of appeasement which would lead to a bigger war |
| • Truman fired MacArthur in April 1951 for failing to follow orders | • Had to show he was in charge of military |
| • MacArthur remained very popular | • Came home to hero’s welcome and parades |
| • Many Americans criticized Truman | • Congress and military leaders supported Truman’s decision |
| • Policy of limited war: | A war fought to achieve a limited objective |
| Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: | • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested and charged with being spies for the Soviets |
| • They were sentenced to death and executed in June 1953 | • Many felt the Rosenbergs were victims caught in the wave of anti-Communism |
| • Venona documents gave strong evidence that Rosenbergs were guilty of stealing nuclear secrets for the Soviets | |
| Provisions of the McCarran Act | 1. Made it illegal to try and set up a dictator-run government in the United States |
| 2. Required all Communist-related organization to publish their records and register with the U.S. attorney general | 3. Restricted Communists from receiving passports |
| 4. Communists could be arrested and put in jail in cases of national emergency | |
| McCarthyism: | McCarthy’s practice of harming reputations with vague or unfounded charges |
| • Made shocking claims that were not backed with evidence | • Questioned witnesses harshly and would not accept their answers |
| • People were afraid to challenge him | |
| Reason behind Eisenhower’s massive retaliation policy: | • Eisenhower believed nuclear weapons provided better value for the money than keeping a large and expensive army |
| • Believed in a policy of massive retaliation | • Threatening to use nuclear weapons to avoid wars altogether |
| • Threatening to use nuclear weapons to avoid wars altogether | • Eisenhower was able to cut military spending from around $50 billion to about $34 billion |
| • Decreased size of army | • Increased the nuclear arsenal from about 1,000 to about 18,000 bombs between 1953 – 1961 |
| • Many critics were worried about President Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace | |
| Eisenhower’s brinkmanship policy | • Brinkmanship: The willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down |
| Aim behind CIA covert operations under Eisenhower: | • Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency to carry out covert, or hidden, operations throughout the world |
| • Many CIA operations took place in developing nations, nations with mainly farming economies | • Blamed European imperialists and U.S. capitalism for their problems |
| • Leaders looked to the Soviet Union as a model of how to industrialize their nations | • Threatened to nationalize foreign businesses operating in their countries |
| • CIA covert operations aimed to replace anti-American leaders with pro-American leaders | |
| Soviet Union claimed a victory in Cold War because of this incident: | • The U-2 Incident |
| Labor unrest caused mostly by what? | • Higher demand for goods led to inflation |
| Taft Hartley Act Provisions | 1. Outlawed the closed shop:Businesses were forced to hire only union members |
| 2. Allowed states to pass right to work laws: | outlawed unions shops which forced workers to join unions after they started to work |
| 3. Banned featherbedding: | Reducing work output in order to create more jobs |
| 4. Banned use of union money to support political campaign | 5. Truman vetoed the bill, but Congress passed the bill over Truman’s veto |
| “Do Nothing Congress” | • Gave aid to Greece and Turkey • Passed the Marshall Plan • Created the Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and set up Air Force as separate military branch • Passed the 22nd Amendment: Limited president to two terms of office |
| Federal Highway Act | 1. Provided for a $25 billion, 10 year project to build more than 400,000 miles of interstate highways 2. Approved the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway 3. Extended Social Security |
| Defining characteristics of the American economy post WWII: | 1. 1950’s were a decade of great wealth |
| 2. Economist John Galbraith published the Affluent Society in 1958 | • Claimed the nation’s postwar wealth was a new phenomenon |
| • New technology increased production which raised the standard of living • Advertising became the fastest growing industry in the U.S. • Manufacturers used marketing techniques to create consumer demand for their goods | |
| Causes of growth of suburbs: | 1. Suburbs population doubled in the 1950’s 2. People wanted to escape crime and overcrowding of cities 3. Homes were less expensive |
| Multinational corporations: | Corporations that expanded overseas to benefit from cheaper labor and resources |
| Advancement in radio technology: | • Radios began to broadcast more recorded music, news, weather, sports, and talk shows • Many radio listeners were people driving automobiles from the suburbs |
| Television shows adapted from? | • More than 80% of families owned at least one television by 1957 • Variety shows featured comedy, music, dance, and acrobatics • Western and police shows became popular |
| Why did radio stations flourish in the 1950s? | • Number of radio stations more than doubled between 1948 and 1957 |
| Rock n’ roll: | 1. New style of music influence by African American sounds 2. Elvis Presley became the first rock n’ roll idol in 1956 3. Rock n’ Roll helped to create a generation gap between the parents and children |
| African American struggles in 1950’s: | • Racial discrimination kept many poor • Average salary was only 51% of white workers |
| • A Raisin in the Sun: Play written by Lorraine Hansberry telling the story of a working –class African American family struggling against poverty and racism | |
| Rise in juvenile delinquency in U.S: | • U.S. saw a 45% rise in juvenile crime rates between 1948-1953 • Juvenile delinquency: Disruptive, harmful, or illegal behavior of young people |
| • Disagreement on causes of rise in youth crime • Blamed TV, movies, racism, busy parents, increase in divorce rate | • Failure to discipline children • Although most teens were not involved in gangs, drugs, or crimes, the public accepted stereotypes of young people as juvenile deliquencies |
| Termination policy and Native Americans: | • U.S. government began the termination policy after WWII • Government would no longer recognize Native American groups as legal entities (independent) |
| • Native Americans had to follow same laws as white citizens and were encouraged to move to cities • Native American hopes of improved lives after WWII were destroyed by termination policy |
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