Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
MCAT Bio. Chem Ch. 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Note On How Carbohydrates Are Organized | By their number of carbon atoms and functional groups |
| Common Names Of sugars | Glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Trioses | Three-carbon sugars |
| Tetroses | Four-carbon sugars |
| Aldoses | Sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group |
| Ketoses | Sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group |
| Note Of Nomenclature Of All Sugars | Nomenclature of all sugars is based on the D- and L-forms of glyceraldehyde. |
| D-sugars | Sugars with the highest-numbered chiral carbon with -OH group on the right (in a Fischer projection) |
| L-sugars | Sugars Sugars with the highest-numbered chiral carbon with -OH on the left (in a Fischer projection). |
| Enantiomers | D- and L-forms of the same sugar |
| Diastereomers | Nonsuperimposable configurations of molecules with similar connectivity. How the differ: at least one but not all chiral carbons (includes epimers and anomers) |
| Epimers | Subtype of diastereomers that differ at exactly one chiral carbon. |
| Anomers | Subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon. |
| Cyclization | Describes ring formation of carbohydrates from their straight chain forms. |
| Anomeric Carbon | The new chiral center formed in ring closure. It was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form. |
| Alpha-Anomers | Have the -OH on the anomeric carbon trans to the free -CH2OH group |
| Beta-Anomers | Have the -OH on the anomeric carbon cis to the free -CH2OH group |
| Haworth Projections | Provide a good way to represent 3D structure |
| Mutarotation | Rotation in which cyclic compounds shift from one anomeric form to another with the straight-chain form as an intermediate. |
| Monosaccharides | Single carbohydrate units with glucose as the most observed monomer. |
| Three Reactions For Monosaccharides | Oxidation-reduction, esterification, and glycoside formation. |
| Note About Oxidation And Reduction For Aldoses | Aldoses can be oxidized to aldonic acids, and reduced to alditols. |
| Reducing Sugars | Sugars that can be oxidized and are reducing agents |
| Tollen's Or Benedict's Reagents | Can detect reducing sugars. |
| Deoxy Sugars | Sugars with a -H replacing an -OH group |
| Esterification | Reaction in which sugars react with carboxylic acids and their derivatives to form esters. |
| Phosphorylation | Reaction in which a phosphate ester is formed by transferring a phosphate group from ATP onto a sugar. |
| Glycoside Formation | Basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar. |
| Disaccharides | Result of glycosidic bonding between two monosaccharide subunits |
| Polysaccharides | Result of repeated monosaccharide or polysaccharide glycosidic bonding. |
| Sucrose | Glucose-alpha-1,2-fructose |
| Lactose | Galactose-beta-1,4-glucose |
| Maltose | Glucose-alpha |
| Cellulose | Main structural component for plant cell walls, and is a main source of fiber in the human diet. |
| Starches (amylose and amylopectin) | Function as a main energy storage form for plants. |
| Glycogen | Functions as a main energy storage form for animals. |
| Eq. 4.1: Number Of Stereoisomers With Common Backbone | = 2^n |
Created by:
SamB91
Popular MCAT sets