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AP Psychology
History and Approaches
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes |
| Monism | seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing |
| Dualism | seeing mind and body as two different things that interact |
| Nature-Nurture Controversy | the extent to which behavior results from heredity or experience |
| Plato and Decartes | They believed that behavior is inborn (nature) |
| Aristotle, Locke, Watson, and Skinner | They believed that behavior results from experience (Nurture) |
| Structuralism | early perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection |
| Wilhelm Wundt | founder of scientific psychology in Leipzig, Germany: studied consciousness using introspection. |
| G. Stanley Hall | brought introspection to his lab at john Hopkins university in the United states: First president of the american psychological association |
| Edward Tutchener | studied elements of consciousness at Cornell University Lab |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | first women to complete her PhD in psychology |
| Functionalism | perspective concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment |
| William James | wrote Principles of Psychology |
| Behavioral Approach | Psychological perspective concerned with behavioral reactions to stimuli; learning as a result of experience |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical conditioning of dogs |
| John Watson | known for experiments in classical averise conditioning |
| Skinner | known for his experiments in operant conditioning |
| Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic approach | psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior. |
| Humanistic | psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth towards one's potential |
| biological approach | psychological perspective concerned with psysiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes. |
| cognitive approach | psychological perspective concerned with how we receive, store, and process information; think/reason; and use language |
| Jean Piaget | studied cognitive development in children |
| Evolutionary Approach | psychological perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestors' genes; evolutionary psychologists take a Darwinian approach to the study of human behavior |
| sociocultural approach | psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior. |
| biopsyhosocial model | overarching psychological perspective that integrates biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes than a single approach |
| eclectic | use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches. |
Created by:
cburns2
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