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TermDefinition
peninsulares colonial leaders in the American colonies, born in Spain or Portugal. Stood at the top of government and society. Looked down on the creoles.
creoles descendants of Portuguese or Spanish settlers born in the colonies. Stood at the second level of society. The resented the peninsulares looking down on them. Resented Spanish and Portuguese rule.
mestizos largest group in the colonies, stood lower than the creoles, of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. Worked as servants, laborers, or the overseers of plantations. They had few, if any, rights. Resented Spanish and Portuguese rule.
mulattos people of mixed African and European descent, lowest rung in society, along with Native Americans and enslaved Africans. Resented Spanish and Portuguese rule.
caudillos dictators who ruled by military force, made it hard for democracy and prosperity to grow. Most caudillos bowed to the upper class and did little to help the poor.
Toussaint-Louverture led enslaved Africans to rebel against French rule in Haiti in the 1790s.
Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Maria Morelos Catholic priests in Mexico, led mestizos and Native Americans in a revolution against Spain. They were captured and executed by government forces.
Jose de San Martin freed Argentia from Spanish rule in 1810, then marched into Chile. Joined forces with Bolivar in Peru to crush the Spanish army.
Simon Bolivar led revolts in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. Joined forces with San Martin in Peru to crush the Spanish army.
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