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7-6.2 Burnette
Nationalist & Independence Movements in India and South Africa
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mohandas Gandhi | Nationalist Indian leader who used non-violent civil disobedience techniques such as the Salt March and hunger strikes to gain Indian independence from Great Britain in 1947 |
| Non-violence movement for India's Independence | the campaign to peacefully resist British rule in India with methods such as the Salt March until India became independent |
| Apartheid | the policy of racial, political, and economic prejudice and discrimination against non-European peoples conducted by white rulers in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 |
| South Africa | a country on the southern tip of Africa colonized first by the Dutch, then the British, where whites imposed a racist and prejudiced system of apartheid against black Africans from 1948 to 1994 |
| Sepoy Rebellion | from 1857-1858 this was the first major attempt by India to shake off British rule. It did not succeed, also called the First War for Independence |
| Hindus | people who follow the religion of Hinduism, a religion which has multiple gods and many different beliefs and practices, including righteous living, Karma and reincarnation, and which is common to India |
| Muslims | people who follow the religion of Islam, believe that the true God is Allah, and whose main religious book is the Koran (Quran) |
| Indian National Congress | an Indian political party formed in 1885 which pushed for Indian independence and is now the dominant political party in India |
| Muslim League | an Indian political party which called for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation state; its efforts led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947 |
| Civil Disobedience | the nonviolent refusal to obey laws in order to effect political change; used by Gandhi in India and Martin Luther King., Jr., in the United States |
| boycotts | to stop buying or using goods in order to effect political change |
| Salt March | 1930 protest march led by Mohandas Gandhi in India during which Indians refused to pay the British tax on salt in order to help gain Indian independence |
| fasting | to stop eating food |
| animosity | strong dislike, unfriendliness, or hatred |
| Indian subcontinent | refers to the area south of the Himalayan mountains, what is today India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |
| Pakistan | country created on the Indian subcontinent for Muslims by the British in 1947 when it granted India its independence |
| migration | a large-scale movement of people from one place to another |
| Kashmir | northern territory on the Indian subcontinent; India and Pakistan have been fighting over it on and off since 1947 |
| residents | people who live in a particular place |
| United Nations | international peace-keeping organization formed at the end of WWII; replaced the failed League of Nations |
| cease-fire | an agreement between two or more countries to stop shooting at each other during a war |
| West Pakistan | the main part of Pakistan; where its government was located |
| East Pakistan | split off from West Pakistan in 1971 and became the independent country of Bangladesh after a civil war |
| Bangladesh | the country formed after East Pakistan declared its independence from West Pakistan |
| prevailed | won and got what it wanted |
| Philippines | Southeast Asia island chain and colony first of Spain, and then the U.S., was granted its independence in 1946 |
| Sri Lanka, Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore | British colonies in Asia which gained their independence after WWII |
| Indonesia | Southeast Asian island chain and Dutch colony granted its independence after WWII |
| Ghana | In 1957, this was the first African country to receive its independence from European imperial powers |
| Kwame Nkrumah | led his people in Ghana to independence by organizing boycotts and strikes just as Gandhi had done in India |
| Algerian National Liberation Front | fought and won a war against France to gain Algerian independence in 1962 |
| Kenya | East African British colony which gained its independence in 1963 |
| Jomo Kenyatta | “founding father” of Kenya, helped lead the Kenyan independence movement, and led the country from 1963 until his death in 1978 |
| Mau Mau | Kenyans who used guerilla warfare tactics to fight British settlers to gain Kenya's independence |
| Angola | African country whichc fought to free itself of Portuguese rule after WWII |
| The Congo | an example of an African country that experienced civil war and social unrest after receiving independence after WWII |
| ethnicities | people who share the same language, culture, or religion and who think they are like each other |
| legacy | a result or something remaining from an earlier time |
| segregation | using force and / or the law to keep racial groups apart and to have separate, unequal facilities for them |
| institute | to put into place, to set up |
| African National Congress (A.N.C.) | group which opposed the racist and discriminatory policy of apartheid in South Africa |
| Nelson Mandela | black, South African leader who led and won the fight against apartheid in South Arica; became the first black, African President of South Africa |
| Stephen Biko | black, South African who was a leader in the anti-apartheid movement; arrested and beaten to death by the police in 1977 |
| F.W. DeKlerk | white President of South Africa who legalized the African National Congress and released Nelson Mandela from prison, steps which helped lead to the end of aparthe |
| repeal | to strike down or to get rid of earlier laws |
| universal | where everyone has the right to do something, such as voting |
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