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7-3.2 Burnette
Effects of the Napoleonic Wars and the spread of nationalism
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Napoleonic Wars | Wars fought under Napoleon as he eventually unsuccessfully tried to conquer much of the rest of Europe from 1803-1815. These wars spread nationalism, Enlightenment ideas, further revolutions, and changes in governments across Europe |
| Nationalism | the desire for a people to have self-rule; the belief that one’s country is better than others |
| Congress of Vienna | 1815 meeting of the Great Powers after Napoleon's final defeat. It reestablished the balance of power in Europe, returned lands to those countries which had lost them to Napoleon, & put back into power absolute monarchs in countries Napoleon had defeated |
| Revolutionary Movements of 1830 | 1830 revolutions in France, Belgium, Italy, and Poland (then part of Russia) which sought more freedoms or independence for their people; they failed |
| Revolutionary Movements of 1848 | 1848 revolutions in France, the Netherlands, Poland, Italy, Austria, and what became Germany. They tended to seek reforms and more rights for the people, but were largely unsuccessful |
| Unification of Germany | spurred by nationalism resulting from the Napoleonic Wars, Germany, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, fought three wars with neighboring countries and became a unified nation in 1871 |
| Unification of Italy | spurred by nationalism resulting from the Napoleonic Wars, Italy, under the leadership of Count Camilo di Cavour, Giuseppi Garibaldi, and King Victor Emmanuel II, fought a series of wars and became a unified nation in 1871 |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French general who seized power during the latter part of the French Revolution, and who tried to conquer Europe during the Wars of Napoleon from 1803-1815 |
| French Empire | extended from France into parts of Spain and Portugal to the West and into parts of modern-day Germany and Italy as well as other nations to the East, but did not include England or Russia |
| the English Channel | the small body of water which separates England from France |
| blockade | using a line of warships to cut off a port’s or a country’s access to the sea |
| the Continental System | France’s attempt to blockade Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars |
| Peninsular War | war which Napoleonic France fought against Spain, Portugal, and Britain on the Iberian peninsula from 1807-1814 |
| Iberian Peninsula | the peninsula, made up mostly of Spain and Portugal, in southwestern Europe |
| 1812 Invasion of Russia | Napoleon’s failed attempt to invade Russia in 1812, which led to a catastrophic (extremely massive) military defeat and Napoleon’s eventual downfall |
| the Hundred Days | the period after Napoleon escaped from Elba, returned to France, formed an army, and fought and lost the Battle of Waterloo |
| Battle of Waterloo | Napoleon’s last battle, fought in 1815; after his loss, he was exiled to St. Helena, where he died almost alone |
| Enlightenment Ideas | ideas from the Enlightenment spread as Napoleon’s armies advanced into Europe |
| Natural rights | the rights which all people were born with |
| Social Contract | an agreement between the people and their rulers concerning what powers the government should have and what rights the people kept |
| Limited Government | a government whose power and authority is limited, typically by the people; the people keep their rights |
| impose | to force another person or people to accept, use, or do something they do not want |
| self-rule | when a people are in charge of their own government |
| culture | the behaviors, beliefs, norms, and ways of living of a particular social or ethnic group, or of the people of a particular nation |
| “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité,” or “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” | the slogan and core beliefs of the French Revolution which affected the rest of Europe and parts of the rest of the world after the Wars of Napoleon |
| rallying cry | a word or phrase that is used to make people join together or support an idea or cause |
| masses | the main part or bulk of a people or population |
| the Great Powers | when referring to the Congress of Vienna, these were Austria, France, Russia, the United Kingdom (Great Britain) and sometimes Prussia |
| balance of power | when nations or competing groups of nations have about the same amount of power so that they cannot dominate or attack each other |
| reinstate | to put back, to make things the same as they had been earlier |
| absolute monarchs | kings or queens who ruled with absolute power |
| suppress | to use one’s authority to put down something or to stop something from happening |
| Conservatives | In Europe in the 1800s, those who favored monarchies, and who believed that the good of society as a whole was more important than the rights or wants of any one man; they thought too much nationalism was dangerous |
| unification | the bringing together of a people, especially to form a nation |
| Liberals | In Europe in the 1800s, they concentrated on protecting the individual from arbitrary authority, and called for civil liberties such as freedom of speech, press, and religion |
| disrupt | messing things up completely; greatly changing the way things were |
| Nationalist movements | actions taken by people to unify and form a country; or for a people to achieve independence or self-rule |
| the Balkans | the often mountainous region of southeastern Europe, to include Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and the areas formerly in Yugoslavia |
| Charles X (the tenth) | French king who attempted to establish an absolute monarchy in France in 1830 with no success |
| Louis-Phillipe | King who ruled France from 1830 until 1848 when he lost favor with the people and was overthrown in favor of a republic |
| parliamentary system | a democratic system of government where the executive branch derives its legitimacy and is accountable to the legislative branch (parliament) |
| Louis-Napoleon | was elected president of France in 1848. Four years later, Louis-Napoleon took the title of Emperor Napoleon III in 1852, taking advantage of the political instability of the country, later massively losing the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 |
| German Confederation | was composed of thirty-nine loosely joined states, of which Austria and Prussia were the largest and most powerful |
| Prussia | was the largest and most powerful German state; it formed the core of what would become a united Germany |
| Wilhelm I (the first) | the King of Prussia at the time of German unification |
| Junkers | were members of the powerful, landed nobility in Prussia, and owned great, landed estates often worked by Slavic peasants with few rights |
| prime minister | the head of a parliamentary government |
| Otto von Bismarck | the Prime Minister of Prussia, practiced Realpolitik and led the movement to unify the German states into a strong, powerful nation in 1871 |
| Realpolitik | “the politics of reality,” a style of power politics that leaves no room for idealism |
| idealism | liking and pursuing high or noble principles, purposes, or goals such as “world peace.” |
| Blood and Iron | Bismarck’s highly effective policy of using the army and warfare to achieve his political and diplomatic goal of unifying Germany |
| embark | to begin a task, often a lengthy or challenging task |
| Three Wars of German Unification | Wars Prussia fought from 1864 to 1871 with Denmark, Austria, and France, respectively |
| Seven Weeks War | when Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck tricked Austria into a war in 1866, and defeated Austria, as part of the effort to unify Germany |
| Ems Telegram | when Bismarck tricked France into a war in 1870, and defeated France, as part of the effort to unify Germany |
| provoke | to annoy, aggravate, or anger someone in order to get them to do something you want |
| Franco-Prussian War | the 1870 war between France and Prussia, it was the last war of German unification; France lost massively and Germany took the German speaking province of Alsace-Lorraine, angering the French and providing one of the reasons for World War I |
| Count Camilo di Cavour | led the unification of the Northern Italian states during the drive for Italian unification |
| Piedmont-Sardinia | the largest and most powerful of the Italian states before Italian unification |
| Red Shirts | volunteers who followed Garibaldi in his drive for Italian unification |
| Sicily | an island off the “toe” of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | led the Red Shirts in southern Italy during the drive for Italian unification |
| King Victor Emmanuel II | initially the King of Sardinia, he played a key role in Italian unification, and became the first King of Italy upon Italian unification |
| Papal States | the territories in Italy, centered on Rome, under the direct rule of the Pope |
| grievance | when someone is upset or resentful because they feel they have been treated wrongly or unfairly |
| fester | to continue to resent, be upset, or be very irritated about something |
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oburnette
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