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7-2.3 Burnette
Enlightenment Philosophers
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Enlightenment | the period beginning in the late 1600s and throughout the 1700s when many Europeans began to place their faith in reason, or the use of scientific and logical thinking, to draw conclusions about society and the world |
| John Locke | English Enlightenment political philosopher who believed in natural rights, the social contract, that people had the right to abolish and replace an unjust government, and influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French Enlightenment political philosopher who believed government’s role was to protect the “general will” of the people; his ideas helped form the foundation for the idea of popular sovereignty |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French Enlightenment political philosopher who promoted the ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances; his writings greatly influenced the structure of the U.S. Constitution |
| Voltaire | Francois-Marie Arouet, the French Enlightenment political philosopher who focused on civil liberties, mainly freedom of speech and freedom of religion (to include separation of church and state) |
| Absolutism | when the government has absolute or unlimited power over the people |
| Intellectual | based on thought, facts, logic, and reason |
| Political philosophy | the body of ideas about how and why governments should be formed, what powers governments should have, and what rights the people had |
| State of nature philosophy | the idea that people were free to do as they chose before forming societies and agreeing to be ruled by governments |
| absolute power | when the government has absolute or unlimited power over the people |
| absolute monarchies | kings or queens who ruled with absolute power |
| Divine right | the belief that rulers received their power directly from God, and therefore citizens were expected to respond to all decisions of the rulers without input or challenges |
| preceded | something that came before or led to something else |
| Social Contract theory | an agreement between the people and their rulers concerning what powers the government should have and what rights the people kept |
| mutually beneficial | when two people or groups cooperate and help each other |
| The Glorious Revolution | When, in 1689, the English Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow King James II because he wanted to rule as an absolute monarch and make England Catholic again. It was “glorious” because James II ran away to France and there was no bloodshed |
| Natural Rights | the rights which all people were born with |
| Abolish | to do away with, put an end to, or get rid of something |
| consent of the governed | the belief that a government gets it approval or “consent” from the people |
| corrupting | to make someone dishonest or immoral |
| “general will” | the will of the people as a whole |
| majority rule | decisions based on the vote or consent of more than half the people |
| Popular sovereignty | the idea that governments get their power and legitimacy based on what the people or citizens want |
| dictate | to give a command that must be obeyed without question |
| legitimate | having a lawful or accepted basis or right to act |
| totalitarian governments | where a government has complete and total control over the people and the people have few or no rights |
| City-state | a city which is its own, independent country |
| Separation of Powers | having three branches of government; the executive (carries out the laws), legislative (writes the laws), and judicial (interprets the laws and tries accused criminals |
| Checks and Balances | when each branch of government can block another branch; the branches must agree for the government to act |
| Advocate | to speak or write in favor of something, to call for or support something |
| United States Constitution | the written document which has been the basic or fundamental law of the United States since 1789 |
| Civil liberties | the fundamental freedoms or rights of citizens |
| Freedom of Speech | the right to write or speak publicly without government interference |
| Freedom of Religion | the right to choose and practice the religion of one’s choice, or to not practice any religion without government interference |
| Social reform | things which are thought to improve society or people’s conditions |
| Intolerance | not having respect for practices or beliefs other than one’s own |
| Separation of church and state | when the government and religion are separate; the government does not support religion (or any particular religion), and does not interfere with religion |
Created by:
oburnette
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