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MIP 300 Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| vertical gene transfer | from parent to offspring |
| horizontal gene transfer | one organism to the next in the same generation |
| 3 types of horizontal gene transfer | transformation, transduction, conjugation |
| recombination | genes from a donor cell passed to a recipient cell and the DNA is combined into the recipient's DNA |
| DNA fragments in transformation usually come from | dying cells |
| fates of exogenous DNA in transformation experiments | integrates, replicates on its own (plasmids), no integration and degrades |
| biotechnology in transformation | insulin production if insert insulin gene |
| generalized transduction (3) | can be lytic or lysogenic; any gene can be transferred;cellular DNA packaged instead of phage DNA |
| specialized transduction (3) | temperate phage only; only genes near integration site; occurs from improper excision |
| all ____ are present in specialized transduction, despite ___ ____ | genes; improper excision |
| replicons | plasmids that carry origins of replication; independently replicate and are stably inherited (USE CELL MACHINERY TO REPLICATE- DNA pol, RNA pol, ribosomes) |
| episomes | may exist as plasmids or integrate into host DNA |
| conjugative plasmids | carry genes for conjugation (pili & sex pili production) |
| RTF genes | (plasmid) resistance transfer factor, pilus synthesis, origin of transfer, origin of replication |
| col plasmids | contain genes to produce bacteriocins (collagenase) |
| virulence plasmids | contain genes to make bacteria more virulent or pathogenic (toxins, evading immune system, invading host tissues) |
| metabolic plasmids | carry genes to metabolize new substances |
| 2 types of conjugation | plasmid transfer; chromosome transfer |
| F+ | contain fertility plasmid |
| F- | does not contain fertility plasmid |
| 4 steps of plasmid transfer | sex pilus, enzyme cleaves 1 strand of plasmid, 1 strand transferred, complementary strands synthesized in both cells |
| Hfr conjugation | high frequency recombinant; arise when F plasmid integrates |
| transfer of whole genome through sex pili by ___ ____ _____, by ___ ____ | rolling circle replication; brownian motion |
| interrupted mating | can map genes relative to F- factor integration site by interrupting mating at intervals over time |
| + sense RNA | 5’-3’ |
| - sense RNA | 3’-5’ |
| + sense DNA | 3’-5’ |
| -sense DNA | 5’-3’ |
| shapes of viruses (3) | helical (protomers), icosahedral, complex |
| where do RNA viruses replicate? | cytoplasm |
| where do DNA viruses replicate? | nucleus |
| how do you cultivate viruses? | must be grown in eukaryotic cells |
| cytopathic effect | damage or death to cells which can be visualized & indicate viral infection |
| quantification of viruses (4) | electron microscope, plaque assays, hemagglutinin assays (clumping of RBCs), immunohistochemistry |
| immunohistochemistry | (a way to quantify viruses); antibodies specific for virus labeled w/ fluorescent dye |
| potential problem with ELISA | some people don’t produce antibodies until 6 months old |
| what enzyme used to get into cells? | neuraminidase |
| what enzyme used to get out of cells? | hemagglutinin |
| which hepatitis viruses have a vaccine? | A and B |
| which hepatitis viruses are acute? | A and E |
| which hepatitis viruses are chronic? | B and C |
| hepatitis B can lead to | liver cancer |
| why is hard to treat the common cold? | different types of viruses and mutate every year |
| Kuru | human prion found in island people- ingestion of contaminated tissue (can be inherited) |
| Scrapie | sheep prion disease |
| Mad Cow disease | fed rendered down sheep material= gave ride to Mad Cow |
| classic Creutzfield-Jakob | spontaneous mutation or inherited |
| variant Creutzfield-Jakob | from eating contaminated material |
| chronic wasting disease | elk and mule deer colorado (doesn't transfer to humans yet) |
| disease vs infection | cannot be cleared vs can be cleared |
| infection | can be cleared |
| most common STD | chlamydia |
| yeast infections are called ___ and often caused by ____ | candidiasis, antibiotics |
| bacterial vaginosis is caused by | Gardnerella vaginalis |
| gonorrhea is caused by | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| complications of gonorrhea | PID (epididymus in men), blindness in babies |
| what eyedrops are given to babies at birth and why? | erythromycin for gonorrhea |
| chlamydia mocks what STI? | gonorrhea (PID, similar discharge) |
| which bacterial STI is very delicate? | syphilis (treponema pallidum) |
| syphilis is easily treated with | penicillin |
| HSV 1 | mouth |
| HSV 2 | genital |
| complications of herpes (2) | cervical cancer, infection of fetus/newborn |
| HPV symptoms | warts, microscopic epithelial changes, or nothing |
| treat HPV | (vaccine beforehand); can freeze off or remove warts |
| Molluscum contagiosum | pox virus STD; resolves in 6-12 months; bump w/ dimple |
| if you have HIV you are | more likely to get cancer |
| Imiquimod | topical treatment for HPV and Molluscum contagiosum |
| protozoan STD | trichomoniasis |
| how to treat trichomoniasis? | antibiotic |
| 4 requirements of recombinant DNA technology | bacteria can be transformed, plasmids, restriction enzymes, DNA ligase |
| 2 restriction enzymes/size | Eco RI (sticky), HaeIII (blunt) 4-8 bp |
| where do restriction enzymes come from? | bacteriophage |
| what dictates which RE you use? | the donor DNA |
| make recombinant DNA molecules (3) | isolate gene of interest using RE, digest plasmid w/ same RE, add gene/plasmid/ligase together |
| how to prepare competent bacteria to pick up recombined plasmid | heat/freeze, chemicals or electricity to make membranes leaky |
| what must you also add to genetic recombination, and why? | add an antibiotic resistance gene so only the recombined bacteria grows |
| put cloned genes into Eukaryotic cells | gene gun (difficult) |
| what is made using recombinant DNA technology? (2) | insulin, bovine growth hormone |
| transgenic crop | toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (BT corn) to kill pests |
| industrial uses of cloning | break down cellulose to use biofuel from plant |
| bioremediation uses of cloning | oil spills, break down plastic |
| ___ ___ can always be ligated together, but __ ___ cannot | blunt ends of any kind; sticky ends of different RE |
| what is the PCR dye called? | ethidium bromide |
| examples of bacteria/phage pairs that worsen disease (3) | Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerae and Clostridium botulinum |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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