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Deviance (7)
Intro to Sociology Test 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Norms | Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations |
| Deviance | Nonconformity to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society; any violation of a social norm |
| Sanction | Any reaction from others that is meant to ensure that a person or group complies with a given norm; a mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior |
| Laws | Norms defined by governments as principles their citizens must follow |
| Crime | Any actions that contravene the laws established by a political authority |
| Anomie (Durkheim) | A concept first bought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior because traditional norms are undermined without being replaced by new ones |
| Conformists (Merton) | People who accept generally held values and he conventional means of realizing them, whether or not they meet with success (most of the population) |
| Innovators (Merton) | Accept socially approved values but use illegitimate or illegal means to follow them |
| Ritualists (Merton) | People who conform to socially accepted standards, though they have lost sight of their underlying values. They compulsively follow rules for their own sake. |
| Retreatists (Merton) | People who have abandoned the competitive outlook, rejecting both the dominant values and the approved means of achieving them (ex: member of a self-supporting commune) |
| Rebels (Merton) | People who reject both the existing societal values and means of achieving them but work to substitute new ones and reconstruct the social system |
| Differential association | An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime |
| Labeling Theory | An interactionist approach to understanding criminality that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others |
| Primary Deviation (Edwin Lemert) | Actions that cause others to label one as deviant; the initial act of transgression |
| Secondary Deviation (Edwin Lemert) | Occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly (follows the primary deviation) |
| Conflict Theory | A theory that draws on elements of Marxist thought to argue that deviance is deliberate and often political. Argues that individuals chose to engage in deviant behavior in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system |
| Control Theory | Argues that crime results from an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it |
| Gender Contract | The implicit contract between men and women whereby to be a woman is erratic and impulsive and on the one hand and in need of protection on he other |
| White-collar crime (Sutherland) | Refers to crime by affluent people. Ex: tax fraud, antitrust violations, embezzlement, illegal environmental pollution, etc. May affect more people than lower-class criminality |
| Corporate Crime | Offenses committed by large corporations in society. Examples include pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations |
| The six types of corporate crime violations | administrative, environmental, financial, labor, manufacturing, and unfair trade practices |
| Cybercrime | Criminal activities by means of electronic networks or involving the use of information technologies |
| Shaming | A way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration. The goal of this is to maintain the ties of the offender to the community. |
| Reintegrative shaming | The community condemns the offenders behavior but at the same time must accept responsibility for reintegrating the offender back into the community |
| Stigmatizing shaming | Related to labeling theory by which a criminal is labeled as a threat to society and is treated as an outcast |
| More | Strongly held and enforced social norm |
| Folkway | Minor social rule |
| Crime | Violation of the criminal law |
| Functions of Deviance (Durkheim, functionalist) | (1) Tells you what is right and what is wrong by the observation of punishment. (2) Creates us/them social solidarity. (2) Promotes social change. |
| The 9 type of crime on the uniform crime report | Murder, non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, car theft, arson, aggravated assault |
| Correlates of the Uniform Crime Report | Gender (more men), Age (18-24), Race/Ethnicity, social class (lower class), region of the county, population density |
| William Sheldon | He looked at Juvenile Delinquents and grouped them into body types: endomorphs (fat), ectomorphs (skinny), mesomorphs (well built, who had the highest rate of JD) |
| Edwin Sutherland | He proposed that the earlier you form deviant associations the more likely you are to be a deviant |
| Shaw and McKay | Proposed cultural transmission of deviance |
| Wolfgang and Ferracuti | Argue that there is a violent subculture - high rates of violence among lower class and radicalized populations can be explained by the fact that these groups have embraced values and norms that are more permissive of violence. |
| Rational choice | Weighing the costs vs. the benefits (example when committing a crime, weighing the outcome vs. the chance of getting caught) |
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ashleyleighsmith
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