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Midterm Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Types of people that were attracted to the religion: | People of all classes – specifically poor and powerless |
| Why they were tolerant to other peoples’ religion? | Believed in spiritual equality – new idea of it time |
| Muhammad’s journey to Mecca is called? | Hajj/Hijrah (Know the difference between the two) |
| The Five Pillars of Islam are: | Acts of worship: Monotheistic (one god) Allah, Prayer: 5x’s, Charity: give to poor, Pilgrimage: to Mecca, Fasting: Ramadan |
| The Islamic law code is? | Shari’ah Law – developed after Muhammad’s death |
| Islam's sacred text is? | Quaran |
| Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are Mono or Polytheistic? | Monotheistic (Belief in One God) |
| Judaism sacred text(s) are called? | Torah/Tenakh |
| The idea of reincarnation (Hinduism) | Souls are continually reborn |
| Explain the idea of Karma (Hinduism) | Force generate by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life |
| Siddhartha’s idea of the material world (Buddhism) | Disregarded the material world if it caused suffering |
| Which battle stopped the expansion of the Umayyad Dynasty? | Battle of Tours – Stopped the progress of Islam into Europe Charles Martel defeats them (Father of Pepin - Pepin is the father of Charlemagne) |
| Why was there a split in Islam into two sections? | Issue over leadership. (Shia) only descendants could lead (Sunni) the most qualified and elected should lead |
| What factors may have influenced social status in the Islamic Empire? | - All are looked at as equal in the eyes of Allah - Defined upper class (ruling families; wealthy and respected merchants, senior officials) - Non-equals were the slaves, but treated fairly |
| Islamic scholar’s largest contribution to mathematics? | Algebra |
| The first great trading state of western Africa | Ghana |
| What did Ghana traded for gold? | Salt |
| The crucial factor in Africa trade across the Sahara? | Camels |
| What effect did the Bantu migration have on other Africans? | Iron making technologies and agriculture |
| Define/Describe the Silk Road: | Trading route in Asia that ranged from China to Constantinople |
| An important concept of Chinese Government that became a crucial part of Chinese history: | Beliefs of Confucianism |
| Explain the Scholar Gentry | Replaced old aristocracy - Passed civil service exam - high education |
| What is a Khante? | Territory ruled by the heir of Khan (7 of them) |
| The effect of Genghis Kahn and the Mongolian Empire on the world: | It united Eurasia under one single rule - created the largest land empire the world has ever had |
| Role of Samurai in Japan Feudal System: | Protection of Shoguns (Very similar to knights protecting lords) |
| What factor lead to Kublai’s Kahn failure to invade Japan? | Massive Typhoon & Shogunate (Samurai) |
| Define Bushido and compare it to the code of chivalry | - “the way of the warrior” a strict code by which Japanese samurai were suppose to live - Chivalry was the ideal behavior for nobility that dealt with battles and politics during the middle ages (Behavioral codes for the warriors) |
| How did the Mogul Dynasty, in India, effect religious life | Divided into Hindu and Muslim |
| Which dynasty controlled the India sub-continent in the 1600’s? | Moguls |
| Hierarchy of the Japan Feudal System from lowest to highest | Eta - Merchants/artisans/peasants - Warriors - Emperor |
| First Holy Roman Emperor: | Charlemagne |
| Great Frankish leader | Clovis |
| The most important gift from Lord to vassal? | Land (Fief) |
| What was the code of ethics that knights were to follow? | Chivalry (Very similar to bushido) |
| The agreement between the Lord and his vassal is known as a what | Feudal Contract |
| Whose power did the Magna Carter limit? | Monarch (Kings) |
| Name the great Muslim leader who retakes Jerusalem from the Christians during the Crusades: | Saladin |
| On a day by day basis, what did the peasant spend most of his time doing? | Farm |
| The Catholic church’s attempt to find and try heretics: | Inquisitions |
| Schism of 1054 (describe it): | - Catholic religion split based on religious leadership - Catholics (Pope)/Greek Orthodox (Patriarch) |
| What are the effects of the Black Death? | Severe economic consequences on Europe |
| The issues surrounding the Great Schism of 1378-1417? | The leadership power of the pope |
| How did Joan of Arc inspire the French people in the Hundred Years War? | Inspired the French with her fate |
| Painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician, and best example of a Renaissance Man | Leonardo Di Vinci |
| What Italian city-states were very important to Italy? | FLORENCE, Milan, and Venice |
| How were social classes of the Middle Ages changed in Europe by the renaissance? | Social Mobility |
| How did the Renaissance change Europe? | Growth of urban centers, recovery of plague, political instability, decline in church authority |
| Importance of Humanism in the renaissance | Emphasized the achievement of individualism |
| What were the main arguments in Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses | Attacked the sale of indulgences |
| What was the significance of the Council of Trent | Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs |
| What is the Spanish Armada, and how its attack on England change the political landscape of Europe? | Spain's navy - England and France emerge as the super powers of Europe |
| What is meant by the balance of power (Queen Elizabeth’s foreign policy) | Let no nation get to strong – assist the weaker nation (Spain or France) |
| What is the concept of Divine Rights of Kings? | God gave you the power |
| What role did Oliver Cromwell play during the English Civil War? What type of authority did he eventually obtain as a result of his actions? | Establish a Commonwealth |
| What group of English Protestants were inspired by the teachings of John Calvin? | Puritans |
| What was the “Glorious Revolution” and why was it a unique example of political changeover? | - No bloodshed, take over of a monarchy. - William of Orange pushes out his father-in-law |
| What specific groups in the European population were targeted by witchcraft trials in the 16th and 17th centuries? | Widowed or single women |
| What decisions made by the Hapsburgs that were in pursuit of unification ultimately led to the ignition of the Thirty Years War? | Religion - Protestant (Calvinism) was not recognized and territorial/political motives |
| What is the definition of absolutism? | A system in which a ruler holds total power |
| What type of distraction did Louis XIV use on those from the upper classes in order to ensure his monarchy? | Distracting the nobles with entertainment and humorous social events to keep them out of politics |
| How did Peter the Great of Russia change the culture and government of his nation during his reign? | Incorporated European customs, built a stronger army, and is a part of the Romanov family line |
| What was the name of the nobility that in Russia during the Romanov era? | Czar |
| What did the art of the Mannerism Movement seek to reflect? | Tension of religious upheaval |
| What were the core principles that made up John Locke beliefs on natural rights? | Life, liberty, and property |
| Explain Ptolemy’s theory on the composition of the universe | Earth is the center of the universe |
| Copernicus idea: | Sun was the center of the universe |
| What were Galileo’s discoveries on the composition of the Universe? | Planets were substances of mass not light |
| Explain Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation: | - Explains why the planetary bodies continue their elliptical (egg) orbits around the sun - Law states, every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by force |
| Believed scientist should use the scientific method? | Francis Bacon, liked the procedure of collecting and analyzing evidence |
| Explain Montesquieu’s ideas on how to limit the power of different branches of government | Checks and balances |
| Who proposed the concept of laissez-faire? Explain this concept. | - Government should not interfere in economic affairs - Adam Smith |
| Who proposed the concept of the social contract? Explain this concept. | - Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Entire society agrees to be governed by its general will – you vote (your acceptance of the government) and your lead by your politician (them governing you) |
| Who replaced Catholicism as the religion of England with the Anglican Church? | Methodism (John Wesley) |
| Define Enlightened Absolutism | Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers |
| Accomplishments of Fredrick the Great: | - Enlarged the Prussian army - Abolished the use of torture expect in treason - Granted limited freedom of speech and press - Religious toleration |
| Who was Catherine the Great? What did she contribute to the “enlightened absolutism”? | - She was the wife of Peter III, she was the successor - She invited philosophers to Russia - Introduce a law code based on equality (did not enforce it) - Known for her expansion of Russia to the Black Sea |
| What is the goal of the balance of power in 18th century Europe? | Prevent domination of one state (558) |
Created by:
jbertich
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