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MIP 300 Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aerobic and anaerobic respiration: what kind of metabolism? | chemoorganoheterotrophs |
| 1st decarboxylation in carbohydrate metabolism | pyruvate-> acetyl coA |
| what is made from 1 glucose in TCA? | 8 nadh, 2 fadh, 2 gtp (2 pyruvates) |
| 1 NADH yields (aerobic respiration) | 3 ATP |
| 1 FADH2 yields (aerobic respiration) | 2 ATP |
| where is bacterial ETC? | cell membrane |
| cytochrome | proteins that carry Fe that undergo redox rxns |
| why more ATP from NADH than FADH2? | NADH has a more positive redox potential |
| 1 NADH/ 1 FADH2 yields (anaerobic respiration) | <3, <2 |
| fermentation | glycolysis only, oxidize NADH, reduce an organic electron acceptor, forms about 2 ATP |
| light reactions | light energy trapped, converted to chemical energy |
| dark reactions | ATP and NADPH are used to fix CO2 into glucose, (ATP= energy; NADPH= electrons) |
| chemolithoautotrophy | ETC only; use energy to drive biosynthesis; electrons passed to more positive acceptors |
| aerobic respiration donor and acceptor | organic material, O2 |
| anaerobic respiration donor and acceptor | organic material, inorganic & not O2 |
| fermentation donor and acceptor | organic material, pyruvate/derivative |
| aerobic chemolithotrophy donor and acceptor | inorganic material, O2 |
| anaerobic chemolithotrophy donor and acceptor | inorganic material, inorganic & not O2 |
| purine | double ring |
| pyrimidine | single ring |
| 2 H bonds (DNA/RNA) | A and T / A and U |
| 3 H bonds (DNA/RNA) | C and G |
| DNA in eukaryotes | organized in nucleosomes, wrapped around histone proteins |
| 4 substrates in DNA replication | dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP; two phosphates for each to form phosphodiester bond |
| unwinding enzymes | helicase and topoisomerase |
| what keeps DNA unwound? | single stranded DNA binding proteins |
| major DNA synthesis enzyme | DNA Pol III |
| requirements of DNA Pol III | needs a template, primer, deoxynucleotide triphosphates |
| produces 1-5 bp primer than DNA pol III uses to initiate DNA replication | primase |
| repair enzyme in DNA replication; removes RNA primer, adds back complementary DNA nucleotides | DNA Pol I |
| joins free ends of DNA strands by forming phosphodiester bonds | DNA ligase |
| proofreading done in DNA replication by | DNA pol I and DNA pol III |
| gene definition | a DNA sequence that encodes for a functional product |
| DNA is read... | 3'-5' |
| mRNA or DNA is synthesized | 5'-3' |
| how is prokaryotic transcription/translation different that eukaryotic? (6) | polycistronic, no poly A tail/ 5' cap, shine-dalgarno sequence, only one rna pol, translation starts while transcription still going (both in cytoplasm), no splicing |
| introns/exons, which stays and which is removed? | introns removed |
| differential splicing allows for | a single gene to code for >1 protein |
| how many sense codons? | 61 (includes AUG... Met) |
| code degeneracy | up to 6 different codons for 1 AA |
| how many AAs? | 20 (that are found in proteins) |
| what stops translation? | releasing factors bind to stop codon, peptidyl transferase cleaves peptide from tRNA, then ribosome dissociates |
| how many ATPs for each AA? | 3 |
| spontaneous mutation | occur w/out cause or exposure to an external agent (errors in DNA replication) |
| induced mutation | caused by a mutagen |
| mutagen | physical or chemical agent that increases the frequency of mutations by 1000 fold |
| point mutations (definition) | single base change (1 codon) |
| silent mutation | change in triplet code, but codes for the same AA |
| neutral mutation | changes the amino acid, but not protein function (determined by assay) |
| missence mutation | changes an amino acid & does affect protein function (determined by assay) |
| nonsense mutation | change to a termination codon (must also run assay!) |
| frameshift mutation | addition or deletion that changes the rest of the protein |
| chemical mutagens (3) | base analogs, DNA modifying agents, intercalating agents |
| base analogs | similar to bases; get incorporated into DNA |
| base analog example | bromouracil- gets incorporated into DNA in place of T; will BP with A or G |
| DNA modifying agents | mutagens that change a base's structure which changes its base-pairing behavior or specificity |
| DNA modifying agent example | alkalyating agent- adds CH3 to O on guanine, then will pair with T |
| intercalating agents | gets in-between bases and causes distortions in DNA (frameshift mutations) |
| physical mutagens (2) | uv and x-rays |
| x-rays result in what? | single and double-stranded breaks in DNA- results in lethal deletions |
| auxotroph | a mutant that differs from parent in one trait (cannot grow on minimal media) |
| prototroph | wild type; can grow on minimal media |
| ames test | uses rate of reversion to determine if a chemical causes mutations above background |
| two controls for ames test | -: auxotroph w/out mutation +:auxotroph w/ known mutagen |
| which 2 bacteria used for ames/what is missing? | E. coli, Salmonella; missing histidine |
| how to find induced mutagens | total cfu's-background=induced mutagens |
| how to find mutant frequency | #revertants/backgound= mutant frequency |
| mutagen definition | >2 mutant frequency= mutagen |
| photoreactivation | UV light causes thymine dimer repair enzymes to be produced |
| severely damaged DNA, no template left to copy for excision repair: | recombination repair, SOS repair |
| 4 ways mutations can lead to antibiotic resistance | 70s ribosome changes to antibiotics can't bind, inhibit antibiotic import, alternate metabolic pathway, antibiotic efflux pumps |
| a single pyruvate molecule that feeds into aerobic respiration will produce ___ substrate-level P in glycolysis; and ___ substrate level in TCA | 0; 1 |
| one a bacteria removes the nitrogen from a 3 carbon AA, this will feed into anaerobic respiration as | 1 pyruvate |
| 24-carbon fatty acid, how many NADH produced? | 11 beta oxidation; (3 x 12 TCA) = 47 |
| you mutate transcription termination sequence of a bacterium- what is likely true? | unable to form stem loop |
| NADPH in photosynthesis does what? | donates electrons to CO2 to make organic material |
| 1 glucose= how many ATP from oxidative phosphorylation? | 38-4 substrate level= 34 |
| primase is | DNA dependent RNA polymerase |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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