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PCB 3063
Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| transformation | takes place when a bacterium takes up DNA from the medium in which it is growing, which may lead to recombination between the introduced genes and those of the bacterial chromosome. |
| transduction | takes place when bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) carry DNA from one bacterium to another; the newly introduced DNA may undergo recombination with the bacterial chromosome. |
| Griffith experiment on in vivo transformation (1927) | live virulent cells=dead mouse; live avirulent cells=live mouse; heat killed virulent cells=live mouse; live avirulent cells and heat killed virulent cells=dead mouse |
| Avery, MacLeod & McCarty in vitro Transformation (1944) | experiment showed that DNA is what was transforming the cell; used R and S cells |
| Hershey & Chase (1952) experiment on phages | experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material and not protein |
| Nucleoside | nitrogenous base & sugar |
| nucleotide | nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate |
| pyrimidines | one 6-membered rings |
| purines | 5-membered and 6-membered rings attached |
| stability of DNA | is due to hydrogen bonding between the bases and base stacking |
| B DNA | most abundant in nature; right-handed; 10.4 bp/turn |
| A DNA | right-handed; 11 bp/turn; bases tilt |
| C, D, and E DNA | only occur in laboratory settings; D and E DNA lack guanine |
| Z DNA | left-handed, zig zag; 12 bp/turn; occurs GC-rich alternating regions; major groove almost absent |
| Tm | the temperature at which 50% is the DNA unwound or denatured; important to understand when working with primers; |
| higher GC content = | higher Tm |
| palindrome | nucleotides read the same forward and backward on the complimentary and antiparallel strands |
| DNA electrophoresis | run to red (electrode) because DNA backbone is negatively-charged whereas cathode is positively charged; smaller fragments will move further; |
| positive supercoiling | overwound DNA; helps resist denaturing at high temperatures |
| negative supercoiling | underwound DNA; helps with unraveling during DNA replication |
| heterochromatin | highly coiled regions of DNA, normally inactive predominantly located at centromeres and telomeres; inactivated X’s and most of Y; not transcribed, does not replicate and lacks crossovers |
| euchromatin | non-coiled active DNA regions, condense and decondense during cell cycle; are capable of being replicated and transcribed |
| histones | interact with DNA to form nucleosomes; H1 is the linker histone; H2A and H2B form two dimers; H3 and H4 form a tetramer |
| nucleosomes | made up of an octamer of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4; about 147 bp wrapped around the histone; roughly 200 bp between nucleosomes; humans have about 25 million nucleosomes per cell |
| chromatosome | nucleosome plus the linker H1 histone |
| acetylation | addition of acetyl group to + charged amino group of lysine; “opens” chromatin and thus increases gene activity |
| methylation | Methyl added to lysine or arginine; causes low levels of transcription (silencing of genes); possible helpful in cancer diagnosis; methylation may activate certain histones |
| cytogenetics | study of chromosome banding |
| unique repetitive DNA | 50-60% of DNA |
| satellite DNA | short sequences repeated thousands to millions of times |
| Meselson and Stahl experiment on DNA replication (1958) | E. coli first grown on N15 in Generation 0 (G0), then bacteria washed and transferred to the lighter isotope N14 for both Generation 1 (G1) and Generation 2 (G2). Results showed two bands when centrifuged |
| DNA Poly I | removes primer and replaces it with DNA; needs free 3‘-OH |
| DNA Poly II | main proof reading and repair |
| DNA Poly III | main synthesis; elongation (extends DNA from RNA primer); holoenzyme with 10 different parts that needs ATP to assemble |
| ori C | E. coli origin of replication; composed of 245 base pairs of repeated 9mers and 13mers |
| DNA-A Protein binds to | several 9mers, which facilitates binding of DNA-B and DNA-C |
| DNA-A, -B, and -C | are helices and thus require ATP |
| Primase | synthesizes a 5-15 nucleotide RNA called the RNA Primer to allow DNA synthesis to begin |
| Single stranded binding proteins (SSBs) | complex DNA to keeps strands separated |
| Looping of template for the lagging strand | enables a dimeric DNA polymerase III holoenzyme at the replication fork to synthesize both of the daughter strands |
| DNA Ligase | joins Okazaki fragments by sealing nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of newly synthesized DNA |
| In eukaryotes, the origin of replication is | ARS (Autonomously replicating sequence); multiple |
| DNA polymerase alpha | 5'->3' polymerase activity but no exonuclease activity; initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis and DNA repair |
| DNA polymerase delta | 5'->3' polymerase and exonuclease activity; lagging-strand synthesis of nuclear DNA, DNA repair, and translesion DNA synthesis |
| DNA polymerase epsilon | 5'->3' polymerase and exonuclease activity; leading strand synthesis |
| Kinases | are involved in the actual activation of the replication signal during S phase |
| Licensing factors | are proteins that stick up in eukaryotes that basically will allow DNA replication forks to open up; must be put down in G1 phase |
| DNA; codons; anticodons; | DNA is the code; Codons are on the mRNA; Anticodons are on the tRNA |
| template strand | Is the 3'->5' side of the DNA; strand used as the template for transcription of mRNA, which is synthesized in the 5'->3' direction |
| promoter | is the control mechanism that determines if you’re allowed to undergo transcription, replication, etc. |
| codon table | quick way to get from mRNA to proteins |
| Degenerate code | A genetic code in which some amino acids may be encoded by more than one codon each. This offers a selective advantage since most single nucleotide alterations will result in some amino acid included in polypeptide. |
| sickle cell anemia | A Single nucleotide alteration resulted in glutamic acid being replaced with valine; leads to a resistance of malaria |
| coding or "mRNA-like" strand | is the 5'->3' strand |
| +1 on consensus sequence | the first base in the RNA transcript |
| -35 on consensus sequence | is where the promoter has to bind so it can get ready for transcription |
| RNA polymerase III | holoenzyme involved in making mRNA; this is a SEPARATE process from DNA transcription, which uses primase |
| Sigma of RNA polymerase | is the reading head, scans promoter so that the RNA polymerase can recognize and bind to promoter regions (TATA boxes) |
| cis promoter location | adjacent on the same DNA strand |
| trans promoter location | across from on the opposite strand |
| Termination site for RNA polymerase in bacteria | stop codon; RNA hairpin loop of GC sequences and section of U residues or attachment of Rho protein |
| hnRNA | heterogeneous nuclear RNA; is the cap that is added to mRNA before it leaves the nucleus |
| polyA tail | up to 250 adenosines added to the end of the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus; length of tail determines the half life of the mRNA before nucleases degrade it |
| The more important and conserved the gene is, | the less introns it will have because it can't afford for mistakes to occur when the spliceosomes splice out the introns |
| Translation | Derivation of amino acid sequence of a polypeptide from the base sequence of an mRNA molecule in association with a ribosome. |
| mRNA is made from | the anti-sense/template strand (3'->5') |
| tRNA is made from | the mRNA strand (5'->3') |
| Shine-Dalgarno sequence | the sequence that helps the ribosomal subunits to bind to mRNA; involved in translation |
| IF1 Factor | stabilizes the 30S subunit of the ribosome |
| IF2 Factor | binds fmet-tRNA to 30S-mRNA complex; binds to GTP and stimulates hydrolysis |
| IF3 Factor | binds 30S subunit to mRNA; dissociates monosomes into subunits following termination |
| EF-Tu Factor | binds GTP; brings aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of ribosome |
| Ef-G Factor | stimulates translocation; GTP-dependent |
| DNA synthesis results in | 10% tRNA; 5% mRNA; and 85% rRNA |
| Fragile-X | 250+ repeats that occur in the promoter region; the more repeats, the earlier onset of disease; mostly caused by mothers; fathers won't pass it to son; when fathers pass to daughter, it usually doesn't fully expand |
| Ataluren translarna | makes ribosomes translate over premature stop codon; makes ribosomes less sensitive to premature stop codons |
| Gamenin | signals that its been replicated and stops replication |
Created by:
JacobGant
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