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Functional Areas
AICP Exam Prep HCC - Functional Areas of Practice 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Community Development - 1st Department Store | Salt Lake City, UT |
| Pullman, IL | industrial town outside of Chicago |
| Durham, CA | experimental cooperative agricultural community |
| Norris, TN | new town project for TVA |
| Planning for Community Development - Goals | facilitation of local economic growth - improve community through physical design - provide services tailored to local needs |
| Planning for Community Development - Elements of Process | active public engagement - collaboration |
| Planning for Community Development - Social Goals | mixed income - improved access to employment - alternate modes of transportation - affordable housing - safety through environmental design - improved health outcomes |
| Planning for Community Development - Neighborhood Planning | well defined neighborhoods - focus physical and economic |
| Community Development Trends | livable communities - crime prevention through environmental design - safe routes to school |
| Comprehensive Planning | long-range guiding document with broad focus - originated with Standard State Zoning Enabling Act - most states require comp plan to establish zoning |
| Comprehensive Planning Process | identify issues, state goals, collect data, prepare plan, create implementation plan, evaluate alternatives, adopt plan, implement and monitor plan |
| Zoning | exercise of police power - used to protect public health, safety, & welfare - based on comp plan |
| Zoning Ordinance | divides community into separate districts - includes definitions, general provisions, administration, enforcement - zoning maps part of ordinance |
| 1st Zoning Ordinance | NYC (Edward Bassett) 1916 |
| 1st Urban Growth Boundary | Lexington, KY |
| Euclidean Zoning | specifies what uses will be allowed in each district |
| Cumulative Zoning | less intense uses allowed in more intensive zones |
| Form-Based Zoning | mixed use - regulates size, form, appearance, and placement of buildings and parking |
| Transect Zoning | describes development as a continuum of six zones from rural to urban districts |
| Performance Based Zoning | does not deal with use of parcel but how development impacts the surrounding area |
| Transfer of Development Rights | developers in urban receiving areas purchase from a property owner the rights to develop land in a rural area, called a sending area, and use these rights to increase the density of development in an urban area |
| Cluster Zoning | density is determined for an entire area rather than a lot-by-lot basis |
| Site Development Plans | prepared by surveyor/engineer/architect - addresses site development requirements (traffic, drainage, parking, size & height) |
| Preliminary Subdivision Plat | lot layout, street design, infrastructure details, drainage structures |
| Final Subdivision Plat | developer can transfer property after recordation |
| Economic Development | workforce analysis - forecasting, attraction and retention, and revitalization |
| Economic Development Strategies | development of base industries, assessment of local assets, assessment of knowledge resources |
| How do you foster local economic development? | sales, marketing, PR - tax abatement, revolving loans - make building sites available - ensure adequate infrastructure |
| Economic Development Measures | location quotient, jobs/housing ratio, multiplier effect |
| Multiplier Effect | reflects impact of spending a dollar and how it extend beyond original expenditure |
| Economic Development Analyses | cost/benefit, fiscal impact (cost revenue), input-output, market share, retail market, shift share |
| Fiscal Impact (Cost Revenue) Analysis | will project generate adequate revenue through taxes to pay for additional public services |
| Input-Output Analysis | measures relationships among industries in a region showing what is used locally and what is exported |
| Market Share Analysis | tracks local area's share of larger regional market |
| Retail Market Analysis | estimates how much retail space will be needed in the future |
| Economic Development Tools | Business Improvement District, business incubator, Tax Increment Financing (TIF) |
| Economic Base Theory | economy consists of two classes of industries: base industries and non-basic industries |
| Base Industries | produce and distribute goods and services - bring dollars into the community |
| Non-Basic Industries | activities where goods and services are consumed by firms and people within a local economy - recirculates dollars in the community |
| What are the characteristics of a community shopping center? | department store - 100,000 to 450,000 square feet |
| What are the characteristics of a neighborhood shopping center? | pharmacy - 30,000 to 100,000 square feet |
| What are the characteristics of a regional shopping center? | bog box retail - 300,000 to 1,000,000 square feet |
| Facilities Planning - Infrastructure | objective is to guide and manage the provision of basic services to accommodate development |
| Facilities Planning - Utilities | employed to enable growth or prevent it, drive direction of growth, determine concentrations of people, buildings, and activities - generates development which generates revenue |
| Utilities Planning | levels of action contingent on public right-of-way or private development - levels of utility services equates to levels and types of development desired |
| Energy Policy Finding #1 | safe, reliable energy supply is important to every community's health, safety, and commerce |
| Energy Policy Finding #2 | urbanization that has occurred over the past few decades has created a demand for energy that is quickly surpassing its current rate of production |
| Energy Policy Finding #3 | some of the most useful fossil fuels reserves, particularly petroleum, are not expected to last beyond 2050 at the current consumption levels |
| Energy Policy Finding #4 | alternative energy industries has matured over the past few decades |
| Energy Policy Finding #5 | fair share or other equitable approaches are needed for siting energy generation and distribution facilities, and land use plans and policies need to provide flexibility and guidance for communities involved in development of new energy sources |
| Energy Policy Finding #6 | way we plan urban areas significantly affects the energy usage of individual building sites |
| Why should planners be involved in food systems planning? | cost of massive energy use along food chain, cost of water resource pollution from farming, cost to public health from lack of access to fresh whole foods, cost generated by loss of small farms and decline of rural communities |
| What are the general effects of food systems on local and regional areas? | loss of farmland, aging of farmers, protecting agriculture, farm bill and local areas |
| What are food system links to the economy? | globalization of food systems, rural decline, economic impacts of local purchasing, local food purchasing policy |
| What are food system links to health? | farm policy and health, obesity, obesity and the built environment |
| What are food system links to ecological systems? | energy consumption in food system, water issues in agriculture, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO), loss of biodiversity, fisheries, food system wastes |
| Food System and Social Equity | hunger and food insecurity, emergency food assistance, food stamps, supermarket initiative, vacant urban land for growing food, immigrants as food sector workers |
| Native/Ethnic Food Cultures | food issues faced by Native American communities, native food planning, ethnic cuisines, locally sources ethnic foods |
| Comprehensive Food Planning and Policy | food policy councils, community based food projects |
| Food System Policy #1 | Planners support a comprehensive food planning process at community and regional levels |
| Food System Policy #2 | Planner support strengthening local and regional economy by promoting community and regional food systems |
| Food System Policy #3 | Planners support food systems that improve health of region's residents, are ecologically sustainable, are socially equitable and just, preserve and sustain diverse traditional food cultures of Native American and other ethnic minority communities |
| Food System Policy #4 | Planner support development of state and federal legislation that facilitates community and regional food planning, including addressing existing barriers |
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