WVSOM -- DNA Replication
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| replication | DNA Synthesis
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| Transcription | RNA synthesis
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| Translation | protein synthesis
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| When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? | S phase
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| Requirements for DNA replication | DNA Polymerase
Mg +2
Template
dNTP
Primer
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| Direction of DNA replication | 5' to 3'
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| Complimentary characteristic of DNA replication | for each A of the template strand, a T is added to teh new strand, and for each G a C is added
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| DNA Polymerase | enzymes that replicate DNA by catalyzing nucleotide polymerization
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| DNA Replication Proofreading | 3'-5' exonuclease activity excises mixmatches
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| Magnesium | it is a cofactor required for replication
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| De Nova Strand | New DNA strand
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| Primer | free 3' OH on a previously existing strand
A strand with a 3' OH is often reffered to as a primer
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| Bidirectional | replication in both directions from central origins of replication
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| discontinuous | lagging strand replicated in short stretches
Okazaki fragments
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| Proofreading | 3' to 5' exonuclease activity that double checks for mistakes
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| dNTPs | Deoxyribonucleotides
Building blocks of DNA
All four are required for replication
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| complimentary | Every A is paired with a T and every G with a C
Matching, mirror image sequences are called complimentary sequences
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| How many charges do A and T have? | Two specific charges
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| How many charges do G and C have? | Three
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| Semiconservative | One strand of a daughter chromosome is newly synthesized, the other template strand is inherited intact from teh parental chromosome
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| Overview of DNA Replication | Initiation
Extension
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| What is the ori? | Origins of replication
sequences where DNA replication begins.
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| What is a replicon? | Region of a eukaryotic chromosome that is replicated as a unit, from one central ori.
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| Where does replication begin? | At teh ori in teh center of a replicon and extends.
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| How does replication move from the replicon? | Extends in both directions until it reaches the end of an adjacent replicon
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| What is a helicase | An enzyme that unwinds DNA
One of the first factors to bind to an ori
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| What are single stranded Binding Proteins? | SSB
Factors that stabilize single stranded DNA by preventing it from winding back into a double helix.
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| What is a DNA Replication Apparatus? | a cluster of factors that assemble around helicase to replicate DNA.
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| What are the most important factors of DNA replication apparatus? | helicase
DNA Polymerase
Pol alpha
Beta clamp
primase
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| Beta clamp | Ring like protein that wraps aroudn DNA to stabilize the association of teh replication apparatus
Required for Pol processivity
Allows for greater extension
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| Leading Strand Replication | One strand is continuously synthesized in teh normal 5' - 3' direction
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| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that replicates the leading strand.
It reads the template one base at a time incorporating complementary nucleotides, ligating their 5' phosphate to the 3' OH of the growing leading strand
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| Pol | DNA Polymerase
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| Discontinuous Replication of the Lagging Strand | Other strand is replicated discontinuously with okazaki fragments because the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is in the opposite direction
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| Primase | enzyme binds the unwound lagging strand template and transcribes a short stretch of RNA.
Is a primer, providing 3' OH group required by Pol alpha
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| DNA polymerase alpha | Pol alpha
This enzyme uses the RNA primer to synthesize an okazaki fragment
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| How many Okazaki fragments does Pol alpha synthesize? | one
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| How long does Pol alpha replicate the okazaki fragment? | until it reaches the primer at the end of the previous fragment.
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| What happens to the primase when the lagging strand is released? | Primase makes the next primer at th eend of the new single stranded region and the process is repeated
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| What is a consequence of unwinding by helicase? | Supercoiling increases
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| What do Topoisomerase do? | restores the DNA to the proper level of supercoiling
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| How is RNA primers removed from the lagging strand? | RNAse
DNA polymerase beta
DNA Ligase
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| RNAase | This enzyme digests any RNA
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| DNA Polymerase beta | This polymerase fills in gaps in DNA.
It fills in the gaps left after the RNA primers are removed.
Leaves nicks in teh DNA
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| DNA ligase | Binds any free 3' hydroxyls and 5' phosphates of DNA.
It seals the nicks between the okazaki fragments left by the Pol beta.
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| Telomerase | Reverse transcriptase
Uses RNA as a template to make DNA
Fills in the gap from overhang that can't be filled in by the DNA polymerase.
It also extends the length of the DNA
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Created by:
tjamrose
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