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10th Grade History
10th Grade History - Chapter 1 - 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Civilization in Mexico subjugated by the Spanish conquistadors | Aztec |
| Spanish adventurer who crossed the Isthmus of Panama and was the first to see the Pacific Ocean in 1513 | Balboa |
| A Genoese who discovered Newfoundland & Cape Breton Island for England | Cabot |
| French explorer who sailed up the St. Lawrence River to the site of Montreal in 1535, but his colonizing efforts in 1541 ended in failure in 1534-36 | Cartier |
| He founded the 1st permanent French colony at Quebec in 1608 | Champlain |
| Most famous of the Spanish conquistadors, he subjugated Mexico | Cortez |
| Sailing for Spain, he discovered the West Indies and really opened America to Europe in 1492 | Columbus |
| Portuguese captain who 1st sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, 1488 | Dias |
| Elizabethan sea-captain, noted for his raids against the Spanish and for his circumnavigation of the world | Drake |
| This Italian city produced such famous explorers as Columbus and Cabot | Genoa |
| He claimed Newfoundland for England in 1583 | Gilbert |
| "The Navigator" - This Portuguese prince created a school for maritime adventurers & sent out several expeditions of exploration | Henry |
| An English explorer who claimed Manhattan Island for the Dutch, 1609 | Hudson |
| Peoples of Ecuador & Peru who were conquered by the Spanish | Incas |
| Portuguese mariner who headed a Spanish expedition which was the first to circumnavigate the world 1519-1522 | Magellan |
| Their greater accuracy, combined with improved rudders & magnetic compasses, made possible navigation over much wider distances away from land | Maps |
| Venetian merchant who was one of the 1st Europeans to make contact with China in the 13th century | Marco Polo |
| Spanish conquistador noted for his conquest of the Incas | Pizarro |
| English adventurer who tried to found a colony on Roanoke Island | Raleigh |
| This European nation created an empire in Central & South America | Spain |
| European merchants obtained them in the East for cloth, guns, etc. | Spices |
| Portuguese sailor who followed the east coast of Africa to India in 1497-99 | Vasco Da Gama |
| As the Atlantic ports increased in importance, this great Italian city ceased to be as important as the "gateway" to Europe | Venice |
| A Florentine businessman & sailor, he concluded that he was not exploring Asia, but rather a New World..."America" | Vespucci |
| Three most important motives behind European expansion | Gospel, Glory & Gold |
| Iberville's brother, he founded New Orleans as a French post in 1718 | Bienville |
| The founder of Detroit, 1701 | Cadillac |
| Spanish explorer who failed to find the mythical "Seven Cities of Cibola" but did begin exploration of the American Southwest | Coronado |
| Spanish explorer of Florida and the future Gulf States, he reached the Mississippi River in 1541 | De Soto |
| Explored by Ponce de Leon, Panfilo de Narvaez and Hernando de Soto | Florida |
| With his partner, Radisson, he explored the Lake Superior area and later, working for the English, helped to establish the Hudson's Bay Company | Groseilliers |
| Members of the Society of Jesus - both French and Spanish missionaries served in the New World | Jesuits |
| French explorer, with Father Marquette, he discovered and mapped much of the Upper Mississippi Valley | Joliet |
| In 1681-82, this French explorer followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed "Louisiana" for the King of France | La Salle |
| Seeker of the "fountain of youth" | Ponce de Leon |
| Jesuit priest and scholar, he helped to explore Lake Michigan and the Upper Mississippi River | Marquette |
| The first permanent French colony in North America was established here in 1608 | Quebec |
| Reports sent back to France by the Jesuits, they helped to arouse interest in Europe in missionary work and exploration in North America | Relations |
| Franciscan missionaries helped to establish this California City in 1769 | San Diego |
| Motives behind the French and Spanish exploration in North America | Spanish Gold or French Furs |
| Went to the Near East after the Crusades | Traders |
| Produced masterpieces that won them lasting fame | Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci & Raphael |
| Painters and scholars produced fine works for their personal enjoyment | Kings & Princes |
| Began using gunpowder during the 1300's | Soldiers |
| Most of them experienced a renewed interest in culture and learning by the end of the 1400's | Western Europeans |
| His crew sailed around the world | Ferdinand Magellan |
| Sailed around Africa to India | Vasco da Gama |
| Claimed the St. Lawrence River Valley for France | Jacques Cartier |
| Discovered a New World | Christopher Columbus |
| Claimed eastern North America for England | John Cabot |
| Considered the world's greatest playwright | William Shakespeare |
| Wrote about man's thoughts, action & feelings | Erasmus |
| Conducted scientific experiments | Galileo |
| Encouraged rulers to use any means to stay in power | Machiavelli |
| Supported the work of painters and writers | Medici Family |
| The Catholic Church called him a heretic | Martin Luther |
| Wrote about the travels of a mad knight | Cervantes |
| French heroine in the Hundred Years' War | Joan of Arc |
| Helped increase Europe's supply of books | Johannes Gutenberg |
| Studied the movement of planets around the sun | Copernicus |
| The English defeated its Armada | Spain |
| The Renaissance began in this country | Italy |
| Controlled Mediterranean trade routes | Venice and Genoa |
| Sent settlers to the Thirteen Colonies | England |
| 1 in every 4 people died from the Black Death here | Europe |
| Land next to the ocean | Coastline |
| Area receiving less than 10 inches of rain in a year | Desert |
| Soil deposited at the mouth of a river | Delta |
| A pass through the mountains | Gap |
| A large area of high, mostly flat land | Plateau |
| One of the largest land areas in the world | Continent |
| Land completely surrounded by water | Island |
| A large body of water along the coast | Gulf |
| A point of land reaching out into a body of water | Cape |
| Where a river flows into a body of water | River Mouth |
| Land area drained by a river and its tributaries | Basin |
| The direction in which a stream flows | Downstream |
| A line of mountains | Range |
| A small body of water along the coast | Bay |
| Deep-water port, usually next to a city | Harbor |
| Low area between hills or mountains | Valley |
| Land almost completely surrounded by water | Peninsula |
| The direction toward where the river begins | Upstream |
| A large area of flat land | Plains |
| A narrow valley with steep sides | Canyon |
| Where a river begins | River Source |
| The highest point on a mountain | Peak |
| A body of water completely surrounded by land | Lake |
| Narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land | Isthmus |
| Narrow strip of water connecting two larger bodies of water | Strait or Channel |
| South American part of the Spanish empire | Peru |
| People of mixed Spanish and Native American descent | Mestizos |
| Towns that were centers of trade | Pueblos |
| Explored what is now the south-western United States | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado |
| The largest group of people in Spain's empire | Native Americans |
| Caribbean Islands, Central America & Mexico | New Spain |
| Explored area that is now South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi & Tennessee | Hernando de Soto |
| Lands on the northern borders of Spanish territory | Borderlands |
| First of 21 missions built in California | San Diego |
| People born in Spain, who held the highest positions in colonial society | Peninsulares |
| Religious communities where some Native Americans lived and worked | Missions |
| Oldest city in the United States that was founded by Europeans | St. Augustine |
| People of Spanish descent born in New Spain | Creoles |
| Spanish forts | Presidios |
| Governor of either New Spain or Peru | Viceroy |
| The 3 major oceans that touch the Americas | Atlantic, Pacific & Arctic Oceans |
| Gigantic plateau that is a desert in the southern part of United States | Death Valley |
| East of the Rockies is a broad expanse of open land known as | Interior Plains |
| Mountains in the middle went | "Breadbasket" |
| Large river system in North America | Mississippi River |
| Body of water that forms part of the border between United States and Canada | The Great Lakes |
| The usual weather pattern of a region over a long period | Climate |
| Forces of air and water that move continually | Currents |
| Snow, rain or sleet | Precipitation |
| Hot, humid weather for much of the year | Tropical Climate |
| A Mediterranean Climate | California Climate |
| Coastal mountains create a rainy climate | Pacific Northwest |
| Hot summers and freezing winters | Grassland of the steppe |
| Permanently frozen layers of soil in the tundra | Permafrost |
| Climate of northwest Alaska and upper Canada | Subarctic Climate |
| An area with mild summers and cold winters | Humid Continental Climate |
| Warm, humid states like Louisiana | Humid Subtropical Climate |
| Elevation above which trees cannot grow | Timberline |
| Term referring to the King and Queen of Spain | Highnesses |
| The exact position of a place on Earth is measured by its distance north and south of the | Equator |
| Five themes of geography are | Location, Place, Human/Environment Interaction, Movement & Region |
| Time between Ancient Period and Modern Period | Middle Ages |
| Ruled an empire in Western Europe 768-814 | Charle Magne |
| Language that united the Muslims | Arabic |
| Englishmen won the right of ____________ by jury | Unity |
| _________ and writing declined in the Dark Ages | Reading |
| Another name for the Vikings | Northmen |
| The founder of Christianity | Jesus |
| Muhammad was the messenger of | Allah |
| Traders brought this product back to Europe | Silk |
| Western Europe traded with the Near | East |
| Many people believed Jesus was the | Messiah |
| King of England who signed the Magna Carta | King John |
| Invaders who destroyed the Roman Empire | Barbarians |
| They grew during the Later Middle Ages | Cities |
| He lost power to lords during the Dark Ages | King |
| __________ Pillars of Islam | Five |
| William the Conqueror led them into England | Normans |
| Muslim holy book | Koran |
| Each lord had his own ___________ for protection | Army |
| The Justinian Code was a system of | Law |
| Chosen by Jesus to preach His beliefs | Disciples |
| People lived under one government in a nation- | State |
| Gained power over feudal lords in France | Philip |
| A ________ worshiped at a mosque | Muslim |
| Eastern Roman Empire, or ______ Empire | Byzantine |
| Hebrew, or _________ | Jew |
| Head of the Roman Catholic Church | Pope |
| Helped make Spain a nation-state | Isabella |
| She inspired the French victory over England | Joan of Arc |
| The characteristics of a good knight should have | Chivarlry |
| They seized power from kings in the Dark Ages | Lords |
| Organization formed by merchants, craftmen | Guild |
| Became a nation-state after Hundred Years' War | France |
| The ________ Church was the dominant institution in Western Europe during the Middle Ages | Catholic |
| Muslims gave _______ to the poor | Alms |
| Region where the Holy Land was located | Near East |
| Byzantine emperor who created a legal system | Justinian |
| Constantinople was Europe's greatest | City |
| Birthplace of Jesus | Bethlehem |
| Founder of Massachusetts | John Carver, William Bradford & John Winthrop |
| Founder of New Hampshire | Ferdinando Gorges & John Mason |
| Founder of Rhode Island | Roger Williams |
| Founder of Connecticut | Thomas Hooker |
| Founder of New York | Dutch Settlers |
| Founder of Delaware | Swedish Settlers, Peter Minuit |
| Founder of New Jersey | John Berkeley & George Carteret |
| Founder of Pennsylvania | William Penn |
| Founder of Virginia | John Smith |
| Founder of Maryland | Cecil Calvert |
| Founder of North Carolina | Group of 8 aristocrats |
| Founder of South Carolina | Group of 8 aristocrats |
| Founder of Georgia | James Oglesthorpe |
| New England Colonies | Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island & Connecticut |
| Middle Colonies | New York, Delaware, New Jersey & Pennsylvania |
| Southern Colonies | Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina & Georgia |
| Joint-Stock Company | A form of business organization; pooled funds of many investors or stockholders who can indepentently sell their shares of the company |
| Charter | A document that let officials settle and trade in a certain area in the Americas |
| Plantations | Large farms along coastal rivers |
| Indentured Servants | People who agreed to work a certain number of years (usually 3 to 7) in exchange for their passage to America |
| Burgesses | Elected representatives to make laws |
| Royal Colony | A colony under the control of the king |
| Puritans | Members of the Anglican Church who wanted to "purify" the church |
| Separatists | Those who left the Anglican Church |
| Pilgrims | Travelers with a religious goal |
| Mayflower Compact | An agreement made by Pilgrim leaders that ensured self-government |
| Thanksgiving | A meal the Pilgrims had with their abundant harvest in the English Colonies (first one in 1621) |
| Great Migration | The movement of English settlers to the American colonies from 1630 to 1640 |
| Massachusetts Bay Company | Company formed in 1629 by Puritans to start a colony in America |
| Commonwealth | A self-governing political unit |
| Toleration | The acceptance of different beliefs |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | The first American constitution, or plan of government to be written |
| Constitution | A written plan of government |
| Patroons | Landowners in the Dutch colonies who received rent, taxes & labor from tenant farmers |
| Proprietor | Individual who received legal and exclusive right to a colony |
| Proprietary Colony | A colony that was awarded to one person or a group of people by the king |
| Quakers | A religous group that believed ALL people were equal in the sight of God |
| Toleration Act | A guarantee that all Christians had the right to worship as they please |
| Naval Stores | Stores that provided products such as tar, pitch and turpentine for shipbuilding |
| Indigo | A plant that produced blue dye |
| Subsistence Farming | Farming to produce just enough for the family's own needs |
| Export | Products to be shipped elsewhere to be sold |
| Import | Products that were brought in to be purchased |
| Triangular Trade Routes | Trade routes between the British Colonies, Great Britain, Africa & West Indies |
| Cash Crops | Food crops grown to be sold |
| Conestoga Wagon | A large wagon that was used to transport crops to the market |
| Patroon | Owners of the farm ground other farming tenants paid |
| Apprentice | A trainee to a master craft worker |
| Urban | City |
| Rural | Country (mainly farms) |
| Tidewater | Part of Virginia where there were slow flowing tidal rivers (Potomac, the James & the York) |
| Middle Passage | The route between Africa and America |
| Slave Codes | Laws that denied enslaved Africans most of their rights |
| Bill of Rights | Rule or law that put limits on the king and queen's power (put into power by the king & queen) |
| Mercantilism | A policy meant that to gain wealth, a country had to sell more goods than it bought |
| Navigation Acts | Laws passed in England that controlled the colonial trade |
| Legislature | A lawmaking body with 2 houses that worked with the governor |
| French inhabitants of Nova Scotia who were expelled by the British in 1755, some settled in French Louisiana | Acadians |
| British general whose army was routed in 1755 by the French and Indians near Fort Duquesne...the "Pearl Harbor of the Seven Years' War" | Braddock |
| Leading a force of New Englanders, he captured Fort Frontenac in 1758 which cut French communications west of Lake Ontario | Bradstreet |
| French fort on Lake Champlain taken by General Amherst in 1759 | Crown Point |
| French fort captured and renamed "Pittsburgh" in 1758 | Duquesne |
| Ceded by Spain to Great Britain under the terms of the Treaty of Paris | Florida |
| With George Washington, he captured Fort Duquesne in 1758 | Forbes |
| William Henry, Ticonderoga, Beausejour, or Duquesne, for example | Fort |
| At the Albany Congress in 1754, he proposed a "Plan of Union" for the colonies which was subsequently rejected by every colonial assembly | Franklin |
| England's Indian allies against the French | Iroquois |
| French fortress on Cape Breton Island taken in 1758 - it had been returned to France after its capture by Pepperell and the New England militia in 1745 | Louisbourg |
| Vast area west of the Mississippi River ceded to Spain by France in the Treaty of Paris, 1763 | Louisiana |
| French general who died commanding the defense of Quebec in 1759 | Montcalm |
| Which Treaty concluded in February 1763 ending the Seven Years' War | Treaty of Paris |
| When he became Prime Minister of Britain in 1758, the fortunes of Britain and her colonies began to improve | Pitt |
| It lost Florida but gained Louisiana in 1763 | Spain |
| An officer of the Virginia militia, her defeat at Great Meadows in western Pennsylvania in 1754 did not dampen an outstanding future in the military and political fields | Washington |
| From Massachusetts, he had an important part in the capture of Fort Beausejour and the deportation of the Acadians in 1755 | Winslow |
| Victorious British general on the Plains of Abraham, 1759 | Wolfe |
| Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America, was located in which colony | Virginia |
| The second permanent English settlement was made by the Pilgrims at Plymouth | Massachusetts |
| Settlements had been made in ten of the colonies by what year | 1653 |
| The Thirteen Colonies were founded over a period of how many years | 126 |
| Which state was the more popular of the New England Colonies | Massachusetts |
| Which state had almost as many people as New York City and Boston combined | Philadelphia |
| Which city was the only major city in the Southern Colonies | Charleston |
| The 350 people who lived in America in 1610 all resided in what colony | Virginia |
| During which 10-year period did the population double? 1620-1630, 1670-1680 or 1760-1770 | 1620-1630 |
| William Penn's father was a | naval officer who was later knighted as Admiral Sir William Penn |
| Before the French & Indian War, most of the interior of North America was claimed by the | French |
| The Thirteen Colonies and land around Hudson Bay were controlled by | England |
| Before the war, Fort Duquesne and the city of Quebec were located in which terrority | French |
| As a result of the French & Indian War, who lost almost all of their territory in the New World | The French |
| After the war, which territory stretched west to the Mississippi River | English |
| What Leeuwenhoek did to microorganisms | Magnify |
| Encouraged experimental science | Bacon |
| Revolution that began in the 1500's | Scientific |
| Johannes Kepler studied the orbits of planets and discovered laws relating to | Motion |
| "Father of Anatomy" | Vesalius |
| Place for "light elements" | Sky |
| Vesalius proved that Galen was | Incorrect |
| "Father of Microbiology" | Leeuwenhoek |
| Experiments and the scientific method will help a person find it | Truth |
| Ancient Greek astronomer | Ptolemy |
| Leeuwenhoek analyzed them with a microscope | Muscles |
| The sun's gravity keeps them in an oval shaped orbit | Planets |
| Structure of the body | Anatomy |
| They were studied by Copernicus | Spheres |
| Earth and water, according to Aristotle, were ______ elements | Heavy |
| Doctors once accepted his writings as fact | Salen |
| Believed air moved objects along | Aristotle |
| Copernicus and Galileo were criticized by the Church for saying that it was the center of the solar system | Sun |
| Sir Issac Newton said gravity causes objects to do this | Fall |
| Supported the views of Ptolemy and Aristotle | Church |
| First to say that the earth was not the center of the universe | Copernicus |
| William Harvey studied its circulation | Blood |
| Ptolemy said it was the center of the universe | Earth |
| The law of _____ said a force causes an object to move or stop | Inertia |
| Discovered the law of gravity | Newton |
| The first Americans arrived in North America from Asia called Beringia via a | Land Bridge |
| People who relied on their environment for food were called | Hunters |
| The first American farmers were the people in what is now | Mexico |
| The migration of early peoples to North America stopped about 10,000 years ago because of what | Ice Age |
| The Anasazi were one of the groups of Native Americans called | Cliff Dwellers |
| Homes made out of adobe bricks | Pueblos |
| Two early groups of Mound Builders were the | Adena and the Hopewell |
| Priests made maps of star groups and invented a 365-day | Calendar |
| The Maya had a writing system that used symbols called | Hieroglyphs |
| The Aztec built a great city called | Tenochtitlan |
| Built by the Aztec to bring freshwater from the mountains to the city | Aqueducts |
| The Inca created the largest American Empire in | South America |
| The unpopular Aztec emperor who was killed | Montezuma |
| The largest continent in the world is | Asia |
| The smallest continent is | Australia |
| The largest ocean is the | Pacific Ocean |
| The ____ divides the world into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere | Prime Meridian |
| Columbus sailed around which ocean to discover the New World | Atlantic |
| The New World was located in which Hemisphere | Western |
| Brazil and Peru are countries located on the continent of | South America |
| The _____ is a narrow waterway at the southern end of South America | Strait of Magellan |
| The trip from Africa to America carrying slaves was called the | "Middle Passage" |
| Left the throne during the Glorious Revolution | James II |
| Parliament forced him to accept the Petition of Right | Charles I |
| The Cavaliers supported him in the English Revolution | Charles I |
| Made England into a strong naval power | Henry VIII |
| First Stuart queen | Mary II |
| "Good Queen Bess" of England's Golden Age | Elizabeth I |
| Reigned when England and Scotland formed Great Britain | Anne |
| Tried to end the Protestant Reformation | Mary I |
| Fleet sent to punish England | Spanish Amada |
| The war between the Lancaster and York families | War of the Roses |
| This happened to Henry VIII six times | Got Married |
| Period of renewed interest in arts and learning | English Renaissance |
| Henry VII sent him to explore North America | John Cabot |
| Ruled England after Charles I was beheaded | Oliver Cromwell |
| Playwright during the reign of Elizabeth I | William Shakespeare |
| Person who refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce | Pope |
| Mother of Queen Mary I | Catherine of Aragon |
| Lawmaking body that opposed absolute monarchy | Parliament |
| Nickname for a Catholic Queen | Bloody Mary |
| Also called the Church of England | Anglican Church |
| Belief in being chosen by God to rule a country | Divine Right |
| Who drew the "Join or Die" cartoon | Benjamin Franklin |
| How many states were represented in Franklin's political cartoon "Join or Die" | Eight |
| Where the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts | Plymouth Rock |
| Dutch colony that was renamed New York | New Netherland |
| Continent the explorers were looking for | Asia |
| Peter Minuit bought it for the Dutch from the Indians | Manhattan Island |
| It came to be known as the Lost Colony | Roanoke |
| Founded the colony of Connecticut | Thomas Hooker |
| Led the Quakers to Pennsylvania | William Penn |
| Started a colony for poor people in English jails | James Oglethorpe |
| Captain and leader of the Jamestown settlers | John Smith |
| Failed in his attempt to start an English colony off the coast of North Carolina | Sir Walter Raleigh |
| Took possession of Florida during the 1500's | Spain |
| Henry Hudson claimed New Netherland for this country | Holland |
| Sent the explorer Verrazano in search of a route to Asia | France |
| Established the Thirteen Colonies | England |
| Another name for Holland | Netherlands |
| Where the first Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims | Plymouth/Massachusetts |
| Passed the Toleration Act, which gave religious freedom to all Christians | Maryland |
| Two colonies formed from one | North & South Carolina |
| King James I gave this land area to John Mason | New Hampshire |
| The king's church in England | Church of England |
| Document giving permission to start a colony | Charter |
| A cash crop grown in Virgina | Tobacco |
| The term for the newly discovered lands in the Western Hemisphere | New World |
| The first constitution in America | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
| Term meaning "a written plan of government" | Constitution |
| Plan of government drawn up by the Pilgrims | Mayflower Compact |
| It was the first example of representative government in America | House of Burgesses |
| The "City of Brotherly Love" | Philadelphia |
| Largest city in the Georgia Colony | Savannah |
| Came to Pennsylvania for religious freedom | Quakers |
| First granted to either friends of Charles II, it was divided in 1691 | Carolina |
| In 1836 the Reverend Thomas Hooker led most of his congregation from Massachusetts to this colony | Connecticut |
| Original European settlers of New York | Dutch |
| Founded in 1732 as a refuge for poor debtors and as an outpost against Spanish aggression | Georgia |
| First permanent English settlement, founded in May, 1607 | Jamestown |
| George or Cecilius Calvert, founders of Maryland | Lord Baltimore |
| It remained as part of Massachusetts until 1820 | Maine |
| Virginia's first neighbor - its early leaders were Roman Catholics | Maryland |
| It brought the Pilgrims from England to the coast of Massachusetts in 1620 | Mayflower |
| Originally part of Massachusett |
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