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Unit 1
chapter 1+2+3 questions and terms
| Term-Question | Definition-Answer |
|---|---|
| Government | is a group of people who make decisions on the actions of the communities in a state. |
| Collective Goods | things such as clean water, that cant be taken |
| Politics | are the act of voting, and the action of the decisions our government makes |
| Political Participation | people who vote, contacting public officials, or even protesting |
| Single-Issue Groups | groups of people who make a political decision based on one interest |
| Policymaking System | process of creating policies for the government |
| Linkage Institutions | are things like elections, interest groups, media, and etc. |
| Policy Agenda | issues that are laid out by political groups |
| Political Issue | a problem that cant be agreed on ho to fix it |
| Policymaking Institutions | are Congress, the Presidency, and the courts |
| Public Policy | is the action the government takes to answer a problem |
| Policy Impacts | how a policy can or does effect on people |
| Democracy | organize government so policies answer people |
| Majority Rule | in a decision the majority rule is the one who over rules the rest |
| Minority Rights | rights that are guaranteed to those who are not in majority |
| Representation | someone representing a decision of many people such as a community |
| Pluralism | is a theory of democracy, one group doesn't over rule another or others |
| Elitism | is another theory of democracy, it says upper-class holds power, have more rule |
| Hyperpluralism | another theory of democracy, government is weakened by groups, or gives in |
| Policy Gridlock | when a problem cant be fixed or a decision cant be made in the government or politics |
| Political Culture | values we share in our community, state, our country |
| Gross Domestic Product | the amount of products produced in the United States |
| What is the minimum-wage? | Today it is $7.25 an hour |
| What does the Preamble do? | The Preamble explains the functions of government |
| What are the institutions that make Public Policy? | Congress, the President, the Courts, and the federal Administrative Agencies (bureaucracy) |
| What are the functions of the government? | Maintain National Defense, Provide Public Goods and Services, Preserve Order, Socialize the Young, and Collect Taxes |
| What does Maintain a National Defense mean? | It means the government protects its national sovereignty |
| How much does the United States spend on National Defense? | The U.S spends $650 billion dollars or more a year |
| What has been a big threat to cause such a high payment in National Defense? | September 11, 2001 terrorist threatened the U.S, they destroyed the twin towers in New York |
| What does Provide Public Goods and Services mean? | It means the Government is suppose to provide the country with libraries, schools, hospitals, highways, and etc. |
| What are Collective Goods? | They are goods that can not be denied to anyone, such as access to highways |
| What does Preserve Order mean? | This means that if the government had to they could take action in ending a riot or dangerous protest, keep society calm and safe |
| What happened in 1992? | A riot broke out in Los Angeles following the Rodney King verdict, the National Guard was called in to stop looting and arson. |
| What does Socialize the Young mean? | The young should be informed about the government and its values. |
| What does the Pledge of Allegiance do? | It shows our love for our country |
| What does Collect Taxes mean? | It is the money that is used to pay for goods and services the government provides |
| What is the total tax amount the government collects? | One out of every three dollars a American earns |
| Where does the money go exactly? | It goes to national, state, and local taxes |
| How does the government make money? | Taxes is the only way the government makes money |
| What is the Private Sector? | Goods and services that can only be provided by the government |
| What is the most common means of Political Participation? | Voting |
| What does Politics produce? | Authoritative decisions about public issues |
| What do Politics determine? | Whom we select as our governmental leaders and what politics these leaders pursue |
| What are Political Scientist interested in? | They are interested primarily in politics related to government decision making. |
| What is Harold D. Lasswell's famous definition of Politics? | Who gets what, when, and how. |
| What does the Who refer to? | This is the who of politics, this includes voters, candidates, groups, and parties |
| What does the What refer to? | This refers to the substance of politics and government |
| What does the How refer to? | This refers to the ways in to which people participate in politics |
| How do people get what they want? | Voting, supporting, compromising, lobbying, and etc. |
| Who has the higher turn out? | The elderly have the highest turnout, they have benefits |
| How is Politics a vocation? | Running for office, earn livelihood from holding political office |
| What are examples of a single-issue group? | Activist dedicate either to outlawing abortion or preserving abortion rights |
| What does the government effect? | The government effects everything |
| What do Government Politics buy? | Government Politics buy votes |
| What makes up peoples Political Participation? | The ways in which people get involved in Politics |
| What do people expect the government to do? | People expect the government to do something about there problems |
| Why would voters penalize the President and Congress? | If they don't keep the economy humming along then the voters are able to penalize them |
| How does the Government respond to the peoples priorities? | The Policymaking System |
| What happens when people shape policies? | they are impacted by them |
| What are ways people affect the Government? | Petitioning the Government, Campaign, Vote, Activist groups- Protest, Contacting Government, Civil Disobedience -Breaking unjust laws |
| What is each step of the Policymaking Systems? | Political issues get on the Policy Agenda, Policymakers make Policy, Policies affect people |
| What do all people have? | Interest, Problems, and Concerns that are touched on by Public Policy |
| How do Americans express there opinions in Politics? | Voting for candidates who represent there opinions, joining political pasties, using the internet, and etc. |
| What does the media do in Politics? | The media investigates social problems, and informs people about them, such as the new |
| What would candidates do to get votes? | They pay attention to the problems of there voters |
| What causes the Policy Agenda? | When jobs are scarce and productivity is falling or the economy is doing well |
| Where do Policymakers stand in the system? | The core |
| What do Policymakers do about issues? | They scan the issues on the policy agenda and select those that they consider important |
| What do Political Scientist consider to be the fourth policymaking institution? | The Bureaucracy, because the power is so great |
| What do some Presidents use there influence with the Congress to do? | They urge clean-air and clean-water policies |
| How are rules and laws challenged in courts? | Courts make decisions about what policies mean and whether they conflict with Congress |
| What are parts of Public Policy? | Every decision that government makes like law it passes, budget its establishes, and ruling it hands down |
| Important types of Public Policy? | statue, presidential action, court decision, budgetary choice, and regulation |
| What kind of Policy do people want? | One that effectively addresses their interest, problems, and concerns, clearly, a new law, executive order, bureaucratic regulation, or court judgement |
| What do we want? | Reduce poverty, cut crime, clean water, hold down inflammation, we all have a goal in mind. |
| What does the Policy impact analyses ask? | How well a policy achieves its goal and what the cost is |
| What is crucial to the workings of Democracy? | translating people desires into effective public policy |
| What do surveys around the world show? | Most people in most democracies believe that democracy is the best form of Government |
| Why did writers of the U.S Constitution have no fondness of democracy? | Many of them doubted the ability of ordinary Americans to make informed judgments about what government should do |
| What are the principles of the Traditional Democratic Theory? | Equality in voting, Effective participation, Enlightened Understanding, Citizens control of the agenda, Inclusion |
| What is Equality in voting? | "one person, one vote" no ones vote should count more then anyone else's |
| What is Effective Participation? | Citizens must have adequate and equal opportunities |
| What is Enlightened Understanding? | Free press and free speech are essential to civic understanding. if one group monopolizes and distorts information, citizens can not truly understand issues |
| What is Citizen Control of the Agenda? | Citizens should have the collective right to control the government's policy agenda. |
| What is Inclusion? | The government must include, and extend rights, to those subject to its law. |
| How can a political system be called democratic? | Only if it satisfies the criteria: Equality, Effective, Citizen, Inclusion |
| The relationship between the few leaders and the many citizens is one of? | Representation |
| What are the Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy? | Pluralism, Elitism, Hyperpluralism |
| What is Pluralism? | Groups with shared interest influence public policy by pressing there concerns through organized efforts |
| What are some examples of Pluralism groups? | National Rifle Association(NRA), National Organization for Women(NOW), and the American Council on Education(ACE) |
| What can organized Pluralism groups do? | Compete with one another for control over policy and no one group or set of groups dominates |
| What are Pluralist generally optimistic about? | The public interest will eventually prevail in the making of public policy through a complex process of bargaining and compromise |
| What is Elitism? | Critics of pluralism believe that it paints too rosy a picture of American political life |
| What does Elitism contend about our society? | it contends that like all societies is divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite pulls the strings of government |
| What do Elite and class theories believe? | 1% of Americans controls most policy decisions because they can afford to finance election campaigns and control key institutions, such as large corporations |
| According to Gores promises in 2000 what would have happened? | The wealthiest Americans would have received no tax cuts had he become president |
| What is Hyperpluralism? | A different critic of Pluralism |
| Can the government be weakened? | If the many competing groups are strong enough, the influence of so many groups cripples the governments ability to make policy |
| What does the Hyperpluralism Theory hold? | It holds that that government gives in to every conceivable interest and single-issue group |
| What are challenges to Democracy? | Increased complexity of issues, Limited participation in government, Escalating campaign costs, and Diverse political interest |
| What is Increased Complexity of Issues? | Ordinary citizens have the good sense to reach political judgment and that government has the capacity to act on those judgments |
| What is Limited Participation in Government? | When citizens do not seem to take their citizenship seriously, democracy's defenders worry |
| What is Escalating Campaign Costs? | Many political observers worry about the close connection between money and politics, especially in congressional elections |
| What are the costs for a campaign for House and Senate? | 1 million dollars |
| What is Diverse Political Interest? | Diversity of American people is reflected in the diversity of interest represented in the political system |
| What did President Obama say about the $787 billion economic stimulus? | He stated " It is true that we can not depend on government alone to create jobs or long term growth...." |
| What did Dick Armey say when he expressed his view? | "There is more wisdom in millions of individuals making decisions in their own self-interest then there is in even the most enlightened bureaucrat making decisions on their behalf |
| What do about 24 million Americans do for a career? | Teachers, police officers, university professors, and so on |
| What does our government spend annually? | $3.7 trillion a year |
| How many people does that employ? | it employs about 2.8 million civilians, as well as 1.4 million in the military |
| How much land does it own? | One-third of the United States |
| How does the American national government spend that much? | National defense takes about one-sixth of the federal budget, a smaller percentage then it did three decades ago |
| How much does social Security consume? | One-fifth of the budget |
| What about Medicare? | One-tenth of the budget |
| What happens when expenditures grow? | tax revenues most grow to pay the additional costs |
| What happens when taxes don't grow as fast as spending? | A budget deficit results |
| What is the national debt? | Over $17 trillion, which will continue to pose a problem for many policymakers for decades to come |
| What is one thing Politicians constantly debate about? | Whether the scope of government responsibilities is too vast, just about right, or not comprehensive enough |
| What are the parts of the American Political Culture and Democracy? | Liberty, Egalitarianism, Individualism, Laissez-Faire |
| What is Egalitarianism? | The most famous phrase in the history of democracy is the Declaration of Independences statement "We hold these truth to be self-evident, that all mean are created equal...." |
| What is Individualism? | The belief that people can and should get ahead on their own |
| What is Laissez-Faire? | Economic policies, which promote free markets and limited government |
| Who is Gregory Lee Johnson? | He is the man who burned the American Flag in front of Dallas City hall |
| What was the case on the flag? | Texas v. Johnson |
| Who ruled the Texas v. Johnson case? | Majority ruled but with minority rights |
| What happened in the summer of 1776? | The Declaration of Independence was written and passed |
| What happened to the British after the French and Indian War? | Britain obtained new territory, in 1763 |
| What is the other name of the French and Indian War? | seven Years War |
| How did the French and Indian War lead to the American Revolution? | Britain raised taxes on Americans, the French and Indians protected the colonists |
| When did the colonists form the First Continental Congress? | September 1774 |
| Who was on the Declaration Committee? | Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, and Robert Livingston of New York |
| Who was the primary author of the declaration of Independence? | Thomas Jefferson |
| In all truth what was the Declaration of Independence mostly about? | it was the reasons why the colonists hated King George the third |
| Thomas Pains Common Sense did what exactly? | It encouraged colonists that we needed independence, it was published in 1776 |
| What does the Bill of Rights tell us? | The bill of rights tells us what the government van not do. |
| What are natural rights? | rights you are born with |
| What is Consent of the governed? | idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people |
| According to Jefferson what was the purpose of government? | to secure the rights of the people, if not the people could form a new government |
| What are inalienable rights? | rights that can not be taken away |
| Which Revolution was the only one without a dictator? | The American revolution |
| How many men did the colonist have fighting for independence in 1775? | America had 5,000 and the British had 38,500 men, some how we won |
| What does the Articles of Confederation mean? | They were the first constitution of the United States, they established national legislature |
| According to the articles what was the United States? | a confederation |
| What does state mean? | it means country, so each state is a country |
| Where did the most authority rest? | Most authority rested with the state legislatures because of the fear of a new central gov. would become tyrannical |
| What happened when the government was weak? | The government could not deal with all the hard times that faced the new nation |
| What happened in 1787? | The Northwest ordinance, it encouraged the development of the Great Lakes |
| What was one benefit of the Articles of Confederation? | the nations leaders began to write a constitution, they could look at the provisions in the articles and know what to avoid. |
| What happened in 1769? | change in peoples influence on government and regular people started getting power |
| What happened after the revolution? | Power shifted from the wealthy to those with more moderate incomes |
| Where was democracy taking hold? | All over the united states |
| Who selected the governors? | the legislatures and kept them on a short leash, with brief tenures and limited veto and appointed powers |
| What else did legislatures overrule? | court decisions and criticized judges for unpopular decisions |
| What was at the top of the political agenda? | Economic issues, which also was the most important issues at the time |
| Why did the farmers fight back against the judges? | they were losing there land to creditors |
| What was the Shays Rebellion? | armed attacks by farmers in 1786 |
| What happened in May 1787 | The Constitutional Convention started in Philadelphia |
| When the farmers fought back what did that show? | It showed how our government needs to be stronger, it showed the government was weak at the time |
| What happened to the structure of the government? | Became more responsive to the people |
| What is the U.S Constitution? | a document written in 1787 that sets forth the institutional structure of the us government, replaced the articles of confederation |
| What were the kind of men in the Constitution? | Rich, white, successful, graduates |
| Who were the 55 delegates that wrote the U.S Constitution? | notables, wealthy planters, lawyers, and college graduates |
| What is Direct Democracy? | people who vote for everything |
| what is republic? | people who pick representatives to vote for them |
| The 55 delegates agreed on what questions? | questions of human nature, cause of political conflict, objects of government, the nature of a republican government |
| What did Thomas Hobbes write in 1651? | The Leviathan |
| What did Hobbes argue? | that mans natural state was war and that a strong absolute ruler was necessary to restrain mans bestial tendencies |
| What did the founders do? | They sided with Locke's argument that government should be limited |
| What did James Madison say about the delegates? | The most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property |
| What did the checks and balances do? | kept the factions down |
| What are factions? | parties of interest, according to Madison had the potential to cause instability in government |
| What are other sources of conflict in the government? | Religion, views of governing, and attachment to various leaders |
| If unchecked what did the delegates think would happen with the factions? | they thought one of the factions would tyrannize the other |
| What is another name for Property of Government? | Protect Property |
| What are other purposes of government? | security from invasion, domestic peace, promotion of the publics health, welfare |
| If rich want to keep then what do the poor want to do? | rich want to keep and poor want to take |
| What sort of government did the delegates believe would work? | power should be set against power so that no one faction would overwhelm the others |
| What the secret of good government? | Balanced government |
| What did a balanced government require? | complex network of checks, balances, and separation of power |
| What is the most issues the government faces? | issues of equality, the economy, and individual rights |
| What does the Declaration of Independence state that the constitution don't? | That all men are equal |
| Most important issues were about? | equality |
| What is the New jersey plan? | a proposal that called for equal representation of each state in congress regardless of the states population |
| what is the Virginia plan? | a proposal that called for representation in each state in congress in proportion to that states share of population |
| what is the Connecticut compromise? | established two houses of congress, the house of representatives, in which representation is based on a states share of the us population |
| What is another name for the Connecticut compromise? | The Great Compromise |
| Is congress the same way? | yes, each state still has two senates, and a states population determines how many representatives |
| What does the Connecticut compromise do exactly? | it actually gives more power to people who live in states with small populations |
| What do less populated states have a greater say in? | The Senate, ratifies treaties, confirms presidential nominations, hear trials impeachment |
| What is one equality issue? | slavery |
| What happened in 1787? | Slavery was legal in every state except Massachusetts |
| What did congress agree on? | they limited future importing of slaves |
| What one more major issue in equality? | Equality in voting |
| What did delegates want to include as a qualification for voting? | property ownership |
| What is the number one issue on the policy agenda? | Economic Issues |
| What is three problems that needed to be addressed? | states erected taxes on other states, paper money was virtually worthless, congress had trouble raising money |
| What did Charles A. Beard claim the framers were doing? | trying to make more money |
| What are three protections the constitution offers? | Writ of habeas corpus, prohibits congress and states from passing bills of attainder, ex post facto laws |
| What was criticism about on the constitution? | criticism was about individual rights such as free expression and various rights of the accused |
| What does writ of habeas corpus mean? | a court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody |
| what does ex post facto laws mean? | punish people or increase the penalties for acts that were not illegal or not as punishable when the act was committed |
| What does bills of attainder mean? | punish people without a judicial trial |
| What did the framers feel about the nonwealthy majority? | an unruly mob would tyrannize the wealthy minority if given political power |
| What did James Madison fear? | majority and minority factions |
| How could you handle minority factions? | the majority could outvote them |
| How could you handle majority factions? | if the majority united around some policy issue, such as the redistribution of wealth, they could oppress the minority, violating the latters basic rights |
| What does Madison say in Federalists 51? | If men were angels, no government would be necessary |
| What did Madison propose to prevent the possibility of a tyranny o f majority? | place gov beyond control, separate powers, system of checks and balances |
| What is separation of powers? | each branch of government be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. power is shared |
| Who does the president nominate? | judges |
| Who did state legislatures elect? | senators |
| Who elected the president? | special electors? |
| What did the Constitution give? | gave judges lifetime tenure and senators six year terms |
| What are checks and balances? | features of the constitution that limit governments power by requiring each branch to obtain the consent of the others for its actions, limiting and balancing power among each branch |
| what is federal? | national, interaction between the states and national government |
| What is judicial review? | supreme court can rule other branches unconstitutional |
| What else did the founders establish? | a federal system of government that divided the power of government between the national government and individual states |
| what is a republic? | a form in government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws |
| what do separation of powers and checks n balances favor? | status quo |
| what is a status quo? | the way things are |
| How does the legislative branch check the executive branch? | money, overturn veto, impeach |
| How does the executive branch check the judicial branch? | appoint |
| How does the legislative branch check the judicial branch? | impeach, confirm |
| What are federalists? | supporters of the us constitution of the time the states were contemplating its adoption |
| what are anti federalists? | opponents of the us constitution at the states were contemplating its adoption |
| What are the federalists papers? | collection of 85 articles written by alexander Hamilton, john jay, and james Madison under the name publius to defend the constitution in detail |
| What did john marshall suggest? | it is scarcely to be doubted that in some of the adopting states, a majority of the people were in opposition |
| What happened on October 27th 1787? | the first of 85 federalists papers appeared in new York newspapers |
| what are the bill or rights? | first ten amendments of the constitution, drafted in response to some of the anti federalist concerns |
| what did federalist promise? | the bill of rights |
| what do the bill of rights do? | restrain the national government from limiting personal freedoms |
| What happened to one of Madisons original 12 amendments? | one dealing with congressional salaries was ratified as the 27 amendment |
| What was feared the Constitution would do? | weaken the power of the states and it did |
| What did the Federalist specify about the Constitution? | they specified that the constitution be ratified by special conventions in each of the states |
| What did the bill of rights do? | gave people basic human rights |
| Who was the first to approve in 1787? | Delaware |
| Who did the framers of the constitution assume would be the first president? | George Washington |
| What was general Washington? | unanimous choice of the electoral college |
| What was introduced in 1789? | 12 constitutional amendments during the first congress, ten were ratified by the states |
| Whos support did the federalist not have? | majority |
| What was a fear of the anti-federalist? | the new government would erode fundamental liberties |
| What was one objection of the constitution? | it was a class-based document |
| What did the anti-federalist believe the government was? | enemy of freedom |
| What did federalist promise? | they would add specific amendments protecting individual rights |
| What did Jefferson say about the constitution? | the constitution belongs to living and not the dead? |
| What is the constitution referred to as? | a living document |
| How are constitutional changes made? | made ny either formal amendments or by a number of informal processes |
| What are two stages to the amendment process, proposal and ratification? | 2/3 vote of both houses and 3/4 vote of the state |
| What is the equal rights amendment? | equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the us or by any state on account of sex |
| What is the most important effect of the amendments? | made the constitution more democratic and egalitarian, expanding liberty and equality in the us |
| Which amendment abolished slavery? | the 13 |
| Which amendment addresses the economy? | the 16 or "income tax" amendment |
| What is one thing the constitution does not talk about? | U.S. two-party system |
| What is another thing the constitution does not talk about? | abortion through the second trimester of pregnancy |
| What is the Marbury v Madison case? | 1803 which the supreme court asserted its right to determine the meaning of the constitution. the decision established the courts power of judicial review over acts of congress |
| What is judicial review? | power of the courts determined whether acts or congress and by implication, the executive are in accord with the constitution |
| How does the constitution change? | formally and informally |
| How does the constitution change informally? | through judicial interpretation, through political practice, and as a result of changes in technology and changes in the demands on policymakers |
| What was applied but never stated in the constitution? | power gives courts the right to decide whether the actions of the legislative and executive branches of state and national gov are in accord with the constitution |
| What are parties, what did the writers of the constitution think about parties? | they were a type of faction |
| What is commander in chief? | head of the military, president |
| What did the parties change? | they changed ec |
| What is oligarchy? | rule by few |
| What is a electorate? | people who can vote |
| Which five amendments focused on the expansion of the electorate? | 15, 19, 23, 24, 26 |
| What does the constitution set? | it sets broad rules for government and politics in America |
| How do officeholders communicate with the people? | television, radio, and targeted mailings |
| How does air travel make things easier for congressmen? | make it easy to communicate between Washington and there district |
| The constitution created what? | U.S system of government |
| What is limited? | government action, protecting liberty, and opening the system to broad range of participants |
| What does the system of separation of powers and checks and balances allow? | allows almost all groups some place in the political system |
| What happens if the president opposes the policies a particular group favors? | congress, the courts, or some other institution can help the group achieve its policy goals |
| What is unitary? | a centralized system of government in which all power is vested in a central government |
| What are some examples of unitary government? | great Britain, france, china |
| What is confederate? | a decentralized system of government in which a weak central government has limited power over the states |
| What are some examples of confederate government? | The united states(modern example) |
| What is federal? | a system of government in which power is divided by a written constitution between central and regional governments. |
| What are some examples of federal government? | the united states, mexico, Canada, Germany, and india |
| What did the framers choose to balance order and freedom? | created a federal system that assigned powers to the national government while reserving other powers to the states |
| What is expressed powers? | are specifically granted to the federal government by the constitution |
| What are the key expressed powers? | regulate interstate and foreign commerce, tax and spend, war power |
| What are implied powers? | are not expressly stated in the constitution |
| What does the necessary and roper clause enable? | it enable the national government to meet problems the framers could not anticipate |
| What is inherited powers? | powers derive from the fact that the us is a soverign nation |
| Under international law what rights do all nations have? | make treaties, wage war, and acquire territory |
| What is reserved powers? | are held solely by the states |
| What do theses reserved powers include? | licensing doctors, establishing public schools and local government |
| What is concurrent powers? | exercised by both national and state government |
| What do concurrent powers include? | power to tax, borrow money, and establish courts |
| What are prohibited powers? | are denied to the national government, state governments, or both |
| What is an example of prohibited powers? | the federal government cannot make treaties with foreign countries |
| What is the cardinal question? | Woodrow Wilson believed that the relationship between national government and the states is the cardinal question of our constitutional system |
| What was the civil war about? | conflict about slavery and dispute over the relationship between the southern states and the national government |
| what is the case Gibbons v Ogden about? | Ogden ran a ferry service and Gibbons ran competing |
| What was the courts decision? | chief justice john Marshall, the supreme court defined commerce as all commercial business dealings |
| What did the commerce definition enable? | enabled congress to promote economic growth by supporting the construction of roads, canals, and railroad lines |
| What has the commerce clause played a role in? | the expansion of federal power |
| What is the 1964 civil rights act? | forbidding discrimination in places of accommodation such as restaurants and hotels on basis of its power to regulate interstate commerce |
| What is the case from 1954? | Brown v Board of Education |
| What did the supreme court hold as unconstitutional? | school segregation |
| What was the name of the school? | Little Rock Central High school |
| What did the president do? | sent federal troops to enforce court ordered segregation |
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