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Physiology
Boards Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pineal Gland produces what? | melatonin, required for sleep (tryptophan -> serotonin ->melatonin) |
| Another name for the posterior pituitary | neurohypophysis |
| Another name for the anterior pituitary | adenohypophysis |
| Embryology of the anterior pituitary | rathke's pouch (roof of mouth) |
| Embryology of the posterior pituitary | Diencephalon->hypothalamus. Derived from neuroectoderm (infundibulum hypothalami) |
| Connection of the anterior pit. to the hypothalamus | hypophyseal portal system |
| Connection of the posterior pit. to the hypothalamus | infundibulum (neural stalk) |
| Hormones of the anterior pituitary? | ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, MSH, Prolactin, TSH |
| Hormones of the posterior pituitary? | ADH(supraoptic nucleus), Oxytocin(paraventricular nucleus) |
| ADH's function | controls water balance in the kidney's |
| Oxytocin's function | Breast milk ejection, uterus contraction |
| Deficiency of ADH | diabetes insipidus |
| Hormones of the hypothalamus | TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine |
| Thyroid hormones | T3, T4, Calcitonin |
| Pancreas hormones | Insulin, Glucagon |
| Adrenal medulla hormones | NE and Epinephrine |
| Kidney hormones | Renin, 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol |
| Adrenal Cortex hormones | Cortisol, Aldosterone, Adrenal androgens |
| Ovaries hormones | Estradiol, Progesterone |
| Corpus Luteum hormones | Estradiol, Progesterone |
| Placenta hormones | HCG, Estriol, Progesterone, HPL |
| ACTH target organ | Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal Cortex |
| FSH target organ | ovary & testes; FSH must be actively inhibited by Inhibin |
| GH AKA Somatropin target organ | All tissues except cartilage |
| LH target organ | ovary and testes |
| MSH target organ | Melanocytes |
| Prolactin target organ | mammaries |
| TSH target organ | Thyroid Follicular Cells |
| Effect of ACTH | Release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol. gluconeogenesis when under stress or not eating. Shut down immune system |
| Effects of FSH | Females: Release primary follicle/month and releases estrogen in proliferative phase; Males: Stimulates spermatogenesis |
| Effects of GH | burns fat, not carbs; somatomedins(IGF) from liver is the GH for cartilage and can inhibit GH being produced through anterior pituitary or hypothalamus |
| Effects of LH | Females: Ovulation, Forms corpus leuteum to make progesterone(secretory phase); Male: Testosterone from Leydig cells |
| Effects of MSH | In basement layer of epidermis stimulated by UV light |
| Effects of Prolactin | Makes milk (must be actively inhibited) and breast developement |
| Effect of TSH | T4 -> T3; T3 is more powerful and faster acting while T4 is more abundant; Maintains BMR |
| Excess and deficiency of ACTH | Excess = Cushings; Deficiency = Addisons |
| Excess and deficiency of FSH | Excess = Multiple oocytes; Deficiency = Infertility |
| Excess and deficiency of GH | Excess = Gigantism (Before growth centers close) or Acromegaly (After growth centers close); Deficiency = Dwarfism |
| Excess and deficiency of LH | Excess = Forms corpus leuteum when up; Deficiency = degenerates CL when down |
| Excess and deficiency of MSH | Excess = hyperpigmentation; Deficiency = Albinism |
| Excess and deficiency of Prolactin | Excess = too much milk; Deficiency = too little milk |
| Excess and deficiency of TSH | Excess = Hyperthyroidism/Graves; Deficiency = Myxedema/Hypothyroidism |
| PTH produced where? | Parathyroid glands (4 posterior to thyroid) |
| Calcitonin produced where? | parafollicular cells of thyroid |
| Effect of PTH | Takes Ca out of bone and into blood, decreases phosphorus in blood |
| Effect of calcitonin | Pulls Ca out of blood and puts into bone, increases phosphorus in blood |
| Excess of PTH | HyperPTH = kidney stones, osteopenia, browns tumor, rugger jersey spine, salt and pepper skull |
| Excess of calcitonin | Tetany (Chvostek's sign) |
| Embryo of adrenal cortex | mesoderm derivative |
| Embryo of adrenal medulla | neural crest cell |
| Adrenal cortex is made up of what and what do each produce (GFR)? | Glomerulosa produces mineral corticoids such as aldosterone, Fasciculata produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol, Reticularis produces androgens such as sex hormones |
| Adrenal medulla produces what from what type of cells? | Chromaffin cells secrete NE and E to break glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar |
| FSH does 2 major things | picks primary follicle and releases estrogen |
| Estrogen 2 major things | Thickens endometrial lining(proliferative phase, thickens blood, increase's core temp) and peaks on 14th day to release LH |
| LH does 2 major things | ovulation and forms corpus leuteum |
| Corpus Leuteum does 2 major things | makes progesterone(secretory phase) and makes inhibin which stops FSH and no more follicles |
| Corpus Leuteum has 1 of 2 fates which are what? | Dies when no fertilization or makes progesterone in presence of HCG |
| HCG comes from where and does what | made by placenta after fertilization and stimulates corpus leuteum to make progesterone |
| FSH does what in spermatogenesis | It starts it |
| LH's role in spermatogenesis | Releases testosterone from interstitial cells of Leydig |
| Testosterone's role in spermatogenesis | Mature's sperm |
| Sperms route | made in somniferous tubules, matured in epididymis and stored in Vas Deferens |
| Inhibin's role in spermatogenesis | Shut's of spermatogenesis |
| Where is inhibin made in males | Sertoli cells make it |
| What raises testes? | Cremaster muscle |
| What wrinkles scrotum? | Dartos fascia |
| Failure of testes to descend | Cryptorchism |
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide does what in the GI tract? | Relax's smooth muscle, inceases intestinal, panceatic and gastrin secretion |
| Enkephalins does what in the GI tract? | Contraction of SM |
| Neuropeptide Y does what in the GI tract? | Relaxation of SM |
| Substance P does what in the GI tract? | Contraction of SM and Increases saliva |
| Gastrin comes from where? | G cells in the antrum |
| CCK comes from where? | Duodenal and jejunal endocrine I cells |
| Secretin comes from where? | S cells in the duodenal glands |
| GIP comes from where? | duodenal and jejunal glands K cells |
| 5 Actions of CCK | contraction of GB, secretion of pancreatic enzymes-lipase, amylase and proteases, secreation of bicarbonate ions, trophic effects on GB & pancreas, inhibition of gastric emptying and increases gastric emptying time |
| ACh E or I? | Excites |
| NE, E & Dopamine E or I? | Excites |
| Serotonin E or I? | Excites |
| Whats a precursor to melatonin? | Serotonin |
| GABA E or I? | Inhibitory |
| Glutamate E or I? | Excitatory |
| Glycine E or I? | Inhibitory |
| NO-gas E or I? | Inhibitory |
| What is NO-gas derived from? | L-arginine |
| Huntingtons affects which NTX? | GABA |
| Parkinson's affects which NTX? | Dopamine |
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