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Immuno Final-2/2
T3 Micro & Immuno
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe Attenuated vaccines | (live)-active microbes-contact immunity |
| Describe Inactivated vaccines | (killed)-adjuvants- humoral- boosters needed |
| Describe Toxoid vaccines | (toxin-like)-modified toxins to stimulate immunity-humoral, boosters needed |
| Describe Combination vaccines | antigens from several pathogens (ex:DPT) |
| Describe Recombinant gene vaccines | Cells will take up that recombinant DNA. The DNA then instructs cells to make the antigen molecules. -In other words, the body’s own cells become vaccine-making factories. |
| How does a DNA vaccine work? | DNA instructs cells to make the antigen molecules. Attenuation: weakened-virulence is reduced |
| What are advantages and disadvantages of each type of vaccine? | Immunocompromised individuals may develop infection, toxicity |
| What is contact immunity? | Immunity that can be passed on to others |
| What is herd immunity? | community immunity: if a significant portion of the population is immunized, it provides immunity to those who are not |
| What is the function of adjuvants? | added to inactivated vaccines to increase effective antigenicity |
| When is passive immunotherapy used? | when immediate protection is required |
| What is the difference between antisera and monoclonal antibodies? | Antisera:degraded quickly, limited Monoclonal:hybridoma |
| What is the purpose of immune testing? | To monitor the spread of an infection through a population, or to establish a diagnosis within an individual. |
| What is direct immune testing? | Testing for the presence of a specific antigen |
| What is indirect immune testing? | Testing for the presence of a specific antibody |
| Define Precipitation | clumping of soluble components, antibodies and antigens in the proper proportion for large complexes called precipitates |
| Define Agglutination | clumping of particulate components, cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens |
| What is the definition of a titer? | The highest dilution of serum that results in agglutination of antibody/antigen ( + test) |
| Viral neutralization and hemagglutination: What can they test? | They are used to determine if an individual has been exposed to a particular virus based on the antibodies that are present |
| Viral neutralization and hemagglutination: How are they similar and how are they different? | -Viral neutralization: uses cytopathic effect -Viral hemagglutination: used for viruses that aren’t cytopathic *serum will not hemagglutinate if it has antibodies against the specific virus *useful for influenza, measles, mumps |
| What outcome can be easily observed in the complement fixation test? | presence of specific antibodies with particulate antigens |
| Name 3 types of labeled antibody tests | Fluorescent antibody test, ELISA, and Western Blot |
| What is fluorescein? | a fluorescent dye used as a label for the fluorescent antibody test |
| What is the label in the ELISA test? | an enzyme |
| is the label in the Western Blot test? | Proteins and glycoproteins |
| What does the ELISA test for? | used to detect the presence of antibodies in serum (indirect) |
| What does the antibody sandwich ELISA test for? | used to detect the presence of antigens in serum (direct) |
| Why is the ELISA test much more commonly used than the antibody sandwich ELISA? | because the the antibody sandwich ELISA you need to produce specific monoclonal antibodies before you can do the test, which takes time and is more expensive. |
| What can be tested for with the Western Blot test? | Can detect antibodies against multiple antigens. It is commonly used as a followup to the ELISA to test for HIV |
| Which type of test is used in immunochromatography (as used in pregnancy tests or the strep throat test used in Module 4)? | ELISA |
| What is HLA? | Human Leukocyte Antigen |
| Define Autograft | self transplant |
| Define Isograft | genetically identical sibling or clone (twin) |
| Define Allograft | genetically different member of same species |
| Define Xenograft | genetically different member of another species |
| Differentiate primary from acquired immunodeficiencies. | primary:from genetic or developmental problems-show early in life secondary (acquired):from influences on human being-malnutrition, stress, age, AIDS |
| What are general signs and symptoms of immunodeficiencies? | frequent infections, recurring infections, opportunistic infections |
| Bruton’s disease? | congenital X linked agammaglobulinemia (more common in males) |
| common variable immunodeficiency? | congenital, or acquired, plasma decreases |
| isolated IgA deficiency? | most common, IgA decreases |
| DiGeorge Syndrome? | T-lymphocyte-developmental, results from faulty development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, and thus a small or lacking thymus |
| SCID? | defect on humoral and cell mediated responses-most serious and most deadly |
| Chronic granulomatous disease? | phagocytes |
| Complement deficiencies? | C3 deficiency |
| What can cause acquired immunodeficiencies? | Severe stress, malnutrition and environmental factors, certain medical treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, etc. |
| Which cells are infected by HIV, and which receptor and co-receptors play a role? | *Macrophages/dendritic cells: CD4 receptor CCR5 co-receptor *T-helper Cells: CD4 receptor CXCR4 co-receptor |
| What are the stages of HIV replication? | Primary infection, clinical latency, opportunistic diseases stage (AIDS), death |
| What are the signs and symptoms in each stage of HIV replication? | *Primary infection: severe flu like symptoms *clinical latency: usually asymptomatic *opportunistic disease stage: development of AIDS and other diseases |
| What is an opportunistic infection? | an infection that does not normally occur in a healthy individual, but occurs during an immunodeficient or immune compromised state. |
| Give two examples of an opportunistic infection | Examples that occur with AIDS: disseminated herpes, kaposi sarcoma |
| What are the two major routes of transmission of AIDS? | sexual intercourse, IV drug use (sharing needles) |
| How can HIV be transmitted from mother to child? | via the placenta, or through breast milk in high enough concentrations |
Created by:
Snowrow
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