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Immuno Final-1/2
T3 Micro & Immuno
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate Immunity Characteristics: | Born with it, 1st & 2nd line of Defense, Non-Specific, Fast, No Memory |
| Acquired Immunity Charachteristics: | Develops after birth, 3rd line of defense, Specific, Slow, Immunologic memory |
| Name major components of the 1st line of defense | Physical & Chemical Barriers |
| Name major components of the 2nd line of defense | Fever, Inflammation, Non-Phagocytic Killing, & Phagocytosis via: *Macrophages (monocytes), *Neutrophils (most abundant WBC type), & *Dendritic Cells |
| Name major components of the 3rd line of defense | Humoral Immunity (antibodies) & Cell-mediated Immunity |
| List the properties of skin that create the first line of defense. | -Dermis: Contains collagen-hard to pass through -Sebum: Keeps skin oily & moist -Defensins(Antimicrobial Peptides): +charged chains of 20-25 AA’s which fight microorganisms -Dendritic Cells: Phagocytize pathogens |
| List the properties of mucous membranes that create the first line of defense. | -Thin Epithelium: Provides a thin barrier -Epithelial Cells: Tightly packed -Dendritic Cells: Phagocytize invaders -Goblet Cells: Secrete mucus traps for bacteria |
| How do normal flora microbes contribute to defending our body at the first line of defense? | -consume nutrients -change your gut pH -provide several important vitamins to the body. ie: Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, & Folic Acid |
| How does Saliva contribute to the first line of defense? | Washes microbes from teeth, gums,tongue, and palate; contains lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme |
| How does Stomach acid contribute to the first line of defense? | Digests and/or inhibits microorganisms |
| How does Gastroferritin contribute to the first line of defense? | Sequesters iron being absorbed, making it unavailable for microbial use |
| How does Bile contribute to the first line of defense? | Inhibitory to most microorganisms |
| How do Intestinal secretions contribute to the first line of defense? | Digests and/or inhibits microorganisms |
| How does Peristalsis contribute to the first line of defense? | Moves gastrointestinal (GI) contents through GI tract, constantly eliminating potential pathogens |
| How does Defecation & Vomiting contribute to the first line of defense? | Eliminates microorganisms |
| How does Urine contribute to the first line of defense? | Contains lysozyme; urine’s acidity inhibits microorganisms; may wash microbes from ureters and urethra during urination |
| How do Vaginal secretions contribute to the first line of defense? | Acidity inhibits microorganisms; contains iron-binding proteins that sequester iron, making it unavailable for microbial use |
| How does Menstrual flow contribute to the first line of defense? | Cleanses uterus and vagina |
| How do Prostate secretions contribute to the first line of defense? | Contains iron-binding proteins that sequester iron, making it unavailable for microbial use |
| How does Blood flow contribute to the first line of defense? | Removes microorganisms from wounds |
| How does Coagulation contribute to the first line of defense? | Prevents entrance of many pathogens |
| What is the function of lysozyme? | destroys the cell walls of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits of the walls - cleaves peptidoglycans |
| Which are non-specific white blood cells? | basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, NK lymphocytes |
| Which are specific white blood cells? | lymphocytes |
| Which cells have primarily phagocytic function? | monocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils |
| What can one learn from a differential lab analysis? | -You can see the ranges for the normal values for each kind of white blood cell, expressed as a percentage of the total leukocyte population |
| An increase in eosinophils can indicate: | Allergies or infection with parasitic worms |
| An increase in number of leukocytes & neutrophils can indicate? | Bacterial diseases |
| An increase in the relative number of lymphocytes can indicate? | Viral infections |
| describe the three activation pathways of the complement system | •Classical pathway, antibodies activate complement. •Alternative pathway, pathogens or pathogenic products (ie: bacterial endotoxins and glycoproteins) activate complement. •Lectin pathway, microbial polysaccharides bind to activating molecules. |
| describe the three outcomes of the complement system | -Inflammation(C3a & C5a) -Opsonization(C3b) -Membrane Attack Complex(MACs) (C5b) |
| Discuss the process of inflammation. | Increases blood flow, capillary permeability, and migration of leukocytes/phagocytes into infected area; walls off infected region, increases local temperature |
| Name the Three very important functions of acute inflammation | 1. Destroying agent causing injury 2. limiting effects of agent on rest of body 3. repair and replacing damaged tissue. |
| In inflammation, what is the function of histamine? | Dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation) and increased blood flow to area |
| In inflammation, what is the function of prostaglandins and leukotriene? | Make the blood vessels more permeable. Also associated with arachidonic acid (omega 6) |
| Increased blood flow leads to: | redness and heat |
| increase permeability leads to: | swelling (and this leads to pain) |
| What is a pyrogen? | A Fever inducing substance |
| What can act as a pyrogen? | – Bacterial toxins – Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis – Antibody-antigen complexes – Interferons, interleukin 1 (IL-1) |
| What are the benefits of fevers? | – Slows down growth of many microorganisms – Enhances effects of interferons – Possibly also enhances: Phagocytosis, Cells of specific immune response, process of tissue repair |
| What are the steps of phagocytosis? | chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, maturation, killing, and elimination |
| Which immune cells are involved in non-phagocytic killing? | Eosinophils, Natural Killer (NK) Lymphocytes, and Neutrophils |
| What is the function of toll-like receptors(TLR's)? | -They trigger your body’s innate immune response to microbial molecules(referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) -Binding/recognition of PAMPs to TLRs initiates defense responses |
| What is the function of NOD proteins | -recognize microbial molecules, such as PAMPs, but are located INSIDE the cell (cytosolic). -They trigger inflammation, apoptosis, and other innate immune responses. |
| What are Interferons? | -protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections |
| What is the function of Type I(alpha & beta) Interferons? | - 2nd line of defense -present early viral infections (w/in hours) -activate NK Lymphocytes/trigger protective steps in neighboring uninfected cells, -production of antiviral proteins (AVPs). |
| What is the function of Type II(gamma) Interferons? | - 3rd line of defense -appear days after initial viral infection as a result of adaptive immune responses -produced by activated T lymphocytes and NK lymphocytes -stimulates phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils. |
| What are toll-like receptors(TLR's)? | Transmembrane, or integral, signal receptor proteins found in cytoplasmic membranes of phagocytic cells. |
| List five attributes of adaptive immunity. (Acronym: S.I.C.U.M) | -Specificity -Inducibility -Clonality -Unresponsive to Self -Memory |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Location of maturation | T:thymus B:Red bone marrow |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Location after maturation | T:lymph & blood B:spleen, lymph nodes, MALT |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Type of immune response | T:humoral & cell mediated B:humoral |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Mode of action | T:Direct: cell-cell B:via antibodies |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Life span | T:long B:short |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Appearance in microscope | T:same B:same |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Structure | T:variable, constant, antigen binding site B:heavy chain, light chain, antigen binding site |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Proportions | T:5% B:23% |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Receptors | T:TCR do not directly recognize B:BCR directly recognizes 1 epitope only |
| T-Lymphocytes & B-Lymphocytes Targets | T:Endogenous antigens B:Exogenous antigens |
| What is an antigen? | Molecule the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack |
| What is an epitope? | 3 dimensional regions that help body recognize an antigen |
| What is the purpose of clonal deletion? | Prevents immune responses against autoantigens |
| Name the main lymphoid tissues and organs | Tissues: lymphatic vessels Organs: *primary: red bone marrow, thymus *secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT(mucosa associated lymphatic tissue) |
| In lymph nodes, what happens in the medulla? | web of lymph vessels-interact with lymphocytes |
| In lymph nodes, what happens in the germinal centers? | B cell clones mature |
| Describe the basic structure of an immunoglobulin protein | 4 polypeptides (2 light chains, 2 heavy chains joined via disulfide bonds to form a “Y” shaped molecule) |
| Describe the function of immunoglobulin IgG | major humoral immunity, all functions, in newborns-can cross placenta |
| Describe the function of immunoglobulin IgA | secreting tears, saliva, in breast milk, agglutination and neutralization |
| Describe the function of immunoglobulin IgM | initial immunoglobulin after infection starts, all functions, large complex |
| Describe the function of immunoglobulin IgE | increase eosinophils(helminthic infections), increase histamine-by mast cells, allergic reactions |
| Describe the function of immunoglobulin IgD | concentration initially increases in serum in humoral response |
| What are outcomes of antibodies binding to an antigen? | -Agglutination: 2 antigen binding sites -Neutralization: bind and block -opsonization: phagocytosis -activation of compliment and inflammation oxidation killing -direct cytotoxicity |
| What are functions of Interleukins | communication between WBC |
| What are functions of interferons | antiviral protein- upregulates immune response |
| What are functions of growth factors | increase rate of cell division(clones of lymphocytes) |
| What are functions of tumor necrosis factor | increase killing of tumor cells, increase inflammation |
| What are functions of chemokines | spur chemotaxis |
| Describe MHC1 | in all nucleated cells, informs immune system of intracellular pathogens, self regulation |
| Describe MHC2 | antigen presenting cells, in B lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells |
| Name the three types of antigen presenting cells | B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells |
| What is antigen processing? | Antigens processed for MHC proteins to display epitopes |
| Describe the events that lead to a T-independent cell mediated immune response | simplest: has to get antigen into lymphatic system |
| Describe the events that lead to a T-dependent cell mediated immune response | fast multiplying, but short lived |
| Find examples where the different lines of defense are collaborating and relying on each other | T cells and B cells both contribute to immunological memory. this is an example of the humoral and cell mediated responses working together. |
| What’s the difference between cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells? | Tc cells are activated via: antigen presentation Th cell differentiation (1 and 2)→ clonal expansion→ self stimulation Tc cells kill virus infected cells and tumor cells. Th cells upregulate the immune response. |
| What is the purpose of immunologic memory? | Initiation/sending of an antibody, if antigen is encountered again |
| Describe the primary immune response to an antigen | -slow to develop -limited effectiveness |
| Describe the secondary immune response to an antigen | -activation of memory cells ensures that the immune response is rapid and strong |
| Describe naturally acquired active and passive immunity and give examples of each | Active: has immunologic memory (stable) -ex:accidental infection Passive:no memory -ex: IgG through placenta |
| Describe artificially acquired active and passive immunity and give examples of each | Active: receive antigen -ex: vaccination, Immunization Passive: receive antibodies into serum -ex: immunotherapy |
Created by:
Snowrow
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