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MCAT Biology #4
GI Tract and Kidneys
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Proteases | enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins to their constituent amino acid residues |
| Cellulase | enzyme that can hydrolyze cellulose |
| Gastrointestinal tract components | salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and certain aspects of the liver and pancreas |
| Lipase | enzymes that hydrolyze fats |
| Peristalsis | waves of smooth muscle contractions |
| Epiglottis | a flap of tissue that covers the opening to the larynx |
| Gastroesophageal sphincter | a circular muscle that contracts and prevents regurgitation of the food back into esophagus |
| Surface cells | cells lining the stomach that secrete mucus to protect the stomach and lubricate the food |
| Gastrin | located in the cells in the lower portion of the stomach that responds to protein entering the stomach. Stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsinogen |
| Parietal cells | cells located in the stomach that secretes HCl |
| Chief cells | cells located in the stomach that secretes pepsinogen |
| Pepsinogen | the inactive zymogen of pepsin, which is converted by HCl |
| Intrinsic factor | a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells that complexes with vitamin B-12 so that it can be absorbed |
| Ulcers | an excess of acid that causes the erosion of organ walls |
| Histamine | stimulates HCl to be released into the lumen of the stomach |
| Cimetidine | a compound that inhibits the binding of histamine to its receptor on the parietal cells |
| Small intestine function | 90% of the digestion and absorption takes place here |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | released from the intestinal mucosa that causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes; triggered by the presence of fat in the small intestine |
| Secretin | a compound released in response to entering chyme from the stomach that causes the release bicarbonate ion |
| Acini | secreting structures in the pancreas that secretes s fluid into the small intestine that has a high bicarbonate content |
| Bile | fat emulsifier, which helps with absorption |
| Chylomicrons | aggregations of triglycerides |
| Osmoconfomers | organisms that can match their internal concentration of body fluids to that of the environment |
| Osmoregulator | organisms that do not match their internal concentration of body fluids to that of the environment |
| Functions of the kidney | filtration, reabsorption, excretion |
| Nephron | functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a tubular system |
| Glomerulus | a collection of capillaries that receives blood from an artery terminating in the renal system |
| Bowman’s capsule | the capsule that houses the glomerulus |
| Blood plasma | a solution which is about 90% water as well as organic and inorganic substances. |
| Filtrate in Bowman’s capsule components | the blood plasma minus the proteins |
| Renal artery | the blood vessel leading blood to the kidney |
| Renal vein | the blood vessel that leads blood away from the kidney |
| Ureter | channel that transports the urine to the bladder, which empties through the urethra |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | obligatory section of the nephron because roughly 65% of all reabsorption and secretions occurs here |
| PCT absorptions | 100% of all glucose, 80% of the Na+ ions, Cl- ions, and water. |
| Descending thin portion of the loop of Henle | permeable to water, but only relatively permeable to ions like sodium and molecules like urea |
| Ascending thin portion of the loop of Henle | permeable to urea but much les permeable to water |
| Ascending thick portion of the loop of Henle | active transport of sodium and potassium |
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | impermeable to urea and water, but permeable to ions like sodium |
| Aldosterone | secreted by the adrenal cortex that causes sodium to be reabsorbed |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | produced by hypothalamus released by the posterior pituitary gland and increases water reabsorption |
| Metabolic acidosis | if the volume of enteric fluid that is lost to overwhelm the ability of the kidney to regulate proper acid-base levels. Hyperventilation will result to eliminate carbon dioxide |
Created by:
ruiyuwu1998
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