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GA2_E3_AllAnatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name given to the upper part of the dorsum nasi supported by nasal bones. | 103 Bridge |
| Structure which has a lateral and medial crus to hold open the nostrils. | 103 Greater alar cartilage |
| Name bony components forming the roof of the nasal cavity. | 103 Nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid, body of sphenoid |
| Internally correspond to alae of the nose; has sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hairs. | 103 Vestibule |
| Located bw anterior end of middle concha and the dorsum of the nose; site of an anterior ethmoidal air cell? | 104 Agger nasi |
| Swelling in the middle meatus, marks the position of ethmoid air cells. | 104 Ethmoid bulla |
| Immediated structure that receives ostium of the frontonasal duct? | 104 Ethmoidal infundibulum |
| A ridge within the nasal cavity separating stratified squamous from respiratory mucosa. | 104 Limen nasi |
| Specific structure responsible for forming the limen nasi. | 104 Lower edge of the lateral nasal cartilage |
| Into what meatus does the frontal sinus drain? | 104 Middle meatus via frontonasal duct and ethmoidal infundibulum |
| Into what meatus does the maxillary sinus drain? | 104 Middle meatus via the floor of the infundibulum |
| A structure which drains into the inferior meatus. | 104 Nasolacrimal duct |
| Opening of ethmoidal infundibulum into the meatus. | 104 Semilunar hiatus |
| A sharp mucosal covered ridge of the middle meatus. | 104 Uncinate process |
| Hypertrophied lymphatic components on the roof of the nasopharynx. | 105 Adenoids |
| Meatus into which the nasolacrimal duct drains. | 105 Inferior |
| Give 2 components of lateral wall of the nasopharynx? | 105 Ostia of auditory tubes & pharnygeal muscles |
| Place in which the sphenoid sinus drains? | 105 Sphenoethmoidal recess |
| Specific structure that supports the tracheal bifurcation. | 106 Carina |
| Name two structures related to the left side of the thoracic part of the trachea. | 106 Left recurrent laryngeal n., arch of aorta, left common carotid a., left subclavian v. |
| Define a bronchopulmonary segment. | 106 Portion of a lung supplied with air from a tertiary bronchus |
| What is the vertebral level of tracheal bifurcation? | 106 T4/5 |
| Name two pleural recesses? Give function? Structural composition? | 107 Costodiaphragmatic & Castomediastinal All for expansion of the lungs during inspiration. Parietal pleura |
| Name given to parietal pleura over apex of lung. | 107 Cupula |
| Give 2 landmarks present on medial surface of right lung, but not the left. | 107 Grooves for the superior & inferior vena cava |
| Give the origin of the lumbar part of the diaphragm? | 108 Arises from the vertebral column as left & right crura. Also arises from fascial thickenings termed lateral & medial arculate ligaments |
| Fissure separating upper and middle lobes of the right lung. | 108 Horizontal fissure |
| Left lung homologue of middle lobe of right lung. | 108 Lingula |
| Vertebral level of esophageal hiatus? | 108 T10 |
| What is the vertebral level of the esophageal hiatus? | 108 T10 |
| Greater level of aortic hiatus | 108 T12 |
| What is the vertebral level of the aortic hiatus? | 108 T12 |
| What is the vertebral level of hiatus of the inferior vena cava? | 108 T8 |
| Define the root of the lung. | 108 The structures which pass through the hilus = bronchi, vessels, nerves, and lymphatics |
| Besides the aorta, list two structures which can pass through the aortic hiatus. | 108 Thoracic duct, azygos vein |
| In a surface projection, the lower border of the liver extends along a line from the right ____ rib to the left ____ rib. | 109 10; 5 |
| In a surface projection, where is the spleen located? | 109 Deep to the LEFT 9,10,11 ribs and posterior to midaxillary line. |
| In a surface projection, where is the transpyloric plane located? | 109 Half way between the suprasternal notch and the pubis,about one hand breadth below the xiphoid. |
| Besides the pylorus, give 2 specific parts of viscera through which the transpyloric plane passes? | 109 Hilus of kidney, Neck of pancreas, Duodenojejunal junction |
| What is the vertebral level for transpyloric plane? | 109 L1 |
| What is the vertebral level for the subcostal plane? | 109 L3 |
| The umbilicus is a variable landmark. In the normal adult it lies at the junction of what vertebrae? | 109 L3-L4 |
| What is the vertebral level for the intertubercular or transtubercular plane? | 109 L5 |
| What is the vertebral level for the xiphoid process? | 109 T9 |
| In a surface projection, where is the gall bladder located? | 110 Deep to the tip of costal cartilage 9 |
| In a surface projection, where is the base of the appendix (McBurney's point) located? | 110 Junction of the lower 1/3 and middle 1/3 of a line connecting the umbilicus and the RIGHT anterior superior iliac spine. |
| Give the spinal level of the aorta bifurcation. | 110 L4 |
| In a surface projection, where is the right colic flexure located? | 110 Under inferior aspect of liver and RIGHT costal cartilage 10 |
| In a surface projection, where is the transverse colon located? | 111 About the level of the umbilicus |
| In a surface projection, where is the left colic flexure located? | 111 Deep to the LEFT costal cartilage 8 |
| Makes of the greatest part of the uterine tube, it is thin walled. | 113 Ampulla |
| Name and define the normal positions of the uterus. | 114 Anteverted: tilted forward from vagina, Anteflexed: uterus curved anteriorly |
| Give all structural components forming the broad ligament. | 115 (A) The anterior and posterior sheets of peritoneum approximate one another, and extend from the uterus to the lateral pelvic wall. |
| Specific part of broad ligament surrounding the uterine tube. | 115 (A2) Mesosalpinx |
| Specific named part of broad ligament that forms it's inferior aspect. | 115 (A3) Mesometrium |
| Define the cardinal ligament. In your answer include: structural composition, specific location, alternate name, and specific part of organ to which it is attached. | 115 (B2) Connective Tissue, In Base (Inferior Part) of Broad Ligament, Lateral cervical ligament, Isthmus (of uterus) |
| What lies immediately medial to the anterior half of the uterosacral ligament? | 115 Rectouterine pouch |
| The part of the levitator ani that arises from the arcus tendeneus. | 117 (A.b) Iliococcygeus |
| Landmark through which the tendon of the obturator externus exits the pelvis. | ## Lesser sciatic foramen |
| Landmark through which the tendon of the obturator internus exits the pelvis. | 117 (A) Lesser sciatic foramen |
| Component which forms the arcus tendineus. | 117 (A) Obturator Fascia is thickened from pubis to ischial spine |
| Part of the levator ani that prevents incontinence. | 117 (A1) Puborectalis |
| Part of pelvic diaphragm which originates off the ischial spine and sacrotuberous ligament. | 117 Coccygeus m. |
| Muscle lining the posterior wall of the pelvis. | 117 Piriformis |
| Structure located within the lateral umbilical folds? | ## Inferior epigastric vessels (Netter p.247) |
| Specific bladder surfaces which meet at its neck. | 119 Inferolateral and posterior surfaces |
| Tubular structure present at the junction of only the inferolateral and superior surfaces of the bladder. | 119 Median umbilical ligament |
| Pouch immediately posterior to male bladder. | 119 Rectovesical pouch |
| Potential space anterior to bladder. | 119 Retropubic space |
| Potential space anterior to bladder? | 119 Retropubic space |
| Pouch immediately posterior to the female bladder. | 119 Vesicouterine pouch |
| Give the capacity of undistended bladder. | 120 500 ml |
| Name given to the majority of smooth muscle forming the wall of the bladder. | 120 Detrusor muscle |
| Artery to bladder directly from the internal iliac? | 120 Inferior or superior vesical a. |
| Discuss the derivation of the trigone muscle. | 120 longitudinal smooth muscle of the ureters |
| Give landmarks when interconnected by a line will form the perimeter of the vesical trigone. | 120 reter orifice & internal urethral orifice |
| Give the arteries to bladder directly from the internal iliac. | 120 Superior, middle, and inferior vesical arteries |
| Give the venous drainage of female bladder. | 120 Vesical-vaginal plexus to internal iliac vein |
| Voluntary control over the urge to micturate involves what? | 121 Elevation of levator ani muscles |
| Specific cup-like structures which surround the apices of the renal pyramids only. | 121 Minor Calyces |
| The descent of the _____ of the ____ is essential to the initiation of normal urination? | 121 Neck Bladder |
| Component immediately external to renal fascia? | 121 PARArenal fat |
| Component immediately internal to renal fascia? | 121 PERIrenal fat |
| Component immediately internal to pararenal fat. | 121 Renal Fascia |
| Using vertebral levels, where do the kidneys lie when in the supine position? Do they move in the erect position, if so how far? | 121 T12 to L2/3; They move caudally one inch in the erect position. |
| Using vertebral levels, where do the kidenys lie when in the supine postion? Do they move when in erect position? | 121 T12-L2,3 Yes, move caudally about an inch. |
| Give the bony posterior relations of the left kidney. | 122 11th and 12th ribs |
| Besides the suprarenal gland, give two structures related anteriorly with the right kidney. | 122 2nd part of duodenum, right colic flexure, liver |
| Besides the stomach and splenic vessels, give 2 viscera (give specific part when needed) immediately related to the spleen. Use only those mentioned in handout. | 122 Left kidney, Tail of pancreas |
| Name four muscles related posteriorly to the kidneys. | 122 Psoas major, quadratic lumborum, transversus abdominus, respiratory diaphragm |
| Name two nerves that are posteriorly related to the kidneys. | 122 Subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal |
| Besides the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, name the other cartilages of the larynx. | 127 arytenoid, epiglottic, corniculate, cuneiform |
| This structure passes upward from the arch of the cricoid cartilage; on its upper edge it is thickened to form the vocal ligaments. | 127 Conus elasticus |
| Laryngeal cartilage located on the upper edge of the quadrangular membrane? | 128 Cuneiform Cartilages |
| Entrance to larynx | 131 Aditus |
| The mucosal reflection over the upper edge of the quadrangular membrane of the larynx. | 131 Aryepiglottic fold |
| Structure over which the mucosa of the larynx is reflected to form the vestibular fold. | 131 Quadrangular membrane |
| Slit-like opening between the true vocal cords. | 131 Rima glottidis |
| Slit-like opening between the false vocal cords. | 131 Rima vestibuli |
| Give the term for the space between the true and false vocal cords. | 131 Ventricle |
| Name given to mucosal reflection formed by the lower edge of the quadrangular membrane. | 131 Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) |
| What muscle of the larynx lengthens and tightens the vocal cord, thus increasing pitch? | 132 Cricothyroid |
| Muscles of the larynx not innervated by reccurent laryngeal n? | 132 Cricothyroid |
| What muscle(s) of the larynx is/are not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal n.? | 132 Cricothyroid |
| What muscle of the larynx inserts on the muscular process of the arytenoid and rotates the cartilage medially, but does not pull the cartilage anteriorly? | 132 Lateral cricoarytenoid |
| What muscle(s) of the larynx act(s) as a sphincter of the laryngeal inlet? | 132 Oblique arytenoid and aryepiglottic muscles |
| What laryngeal muscles aBduct the vocal cords? | 132 Posterior cricoarytenoid |
| What muscle of the larynx extends from posterior surface of the cricoid lamina to the muscular process of the arytenoids cartilage? | 132 Posterior cricoarytenoid |
| Describe the motor innervation (include components innervated) to the larynx. | 132 recurrent laryngeal to all intrinsic muscles except external branch of superior laryngeal n. to cricothyroid m. |
| Antagonist to Cricothyroid? | 132 Thyroarytenoid |
| What muscle of the larynx is an antagonist to the cricothyroid muscle? | 132 Thyroarytenoid |
| Located immediately medial to the thyroarytenoid, it acts to tense the vocal cords? | 132 Vocalis |
| Counting the outer skin of the anterior scrotum as the first layer, give the fourth layer thorugh which a penetrating item would pass. | 135 Cremaster m. and fascia |
| What is the position of the right testis when compared to the left (higher or lower)? | 135 Higher (just think about it) |
| What is the derivation of the cremaster muscle? | 135 Internal oblique muscle and fascia |
| Counting the outer skin of the anterior scrotum as 1st layer, give the sixth layer through which a penetrating item would pass. | 135 Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis |
| Component applied to most of the external surface of the tunica albuginia of the testis? | 135 Visceral layer Tunica vaginalis |
| Approximate length of ductus epididymis. | 136 (2) 20-23 ft (6-8 m) |
| Give the composition of the head of the epididymis. | 136 (2a) efferent ducts and proximal ductus epididymis |
| What is the first part of the male urethra? | 136 Prostatic urethra |
| Homologue of the female vagina, formerly thought to be homologue of uterus. | 137 (2;1) Prostatic utricle |
| Define the isthmus of the prostate. | 137 (3c) The anterior lobe or isthmus, in midline, anterior to urethra and devoid of glands. |
| List three differently named structures located in the deep perineal space of the male. | 137 (C) external urethral sphincter, deep transverse perineal muscle, bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands |
| What structure is related to the apex of the prostate? | 137 Deep perineal space/pouch |
| Define location of the posterior lobe of the prostate. | 137 In Midline, Posterior to urethra and inferior to ejaculatory duct |
| What structure is related to the inferolateral surface of the prostate? | 137 Levitator ani muscle |
| Define location of the median lobe of the prostate. | 137 Midline, posterior to urethra, superior to ejaculatory ducts |
| What structure is associated with the base of the prostate? | 137 Neck of the urinary bladder |
| Depression just lateral to the colliculus seminalis? | 137 Prostatic sinuses |
| Draw a simple picture of the colliculus seminal is and label correctly the position of components present on it. | 137 Prostatic Utricle, Ejaculatory Ducts, Prostatic Sinus |
| What structure is related to the posterior surface of the prostate gland? | 137 Recturm |
| Part of male duct system which passes through the prostate and into the urethra. | 137 Urethral crest |
| Besides lymphatics and nerves, give three specific structures located within the spermatic cord. Give the name of the their immediate covering. | 138 1) Ductus deferens w/ its artery and vein 2) Testicular artery 3) Papiniform plexus of veins. All are surrounded by internal spermatic fascia |
| Forms the anterior boundary of the anal triangle. | 143 A line passing through the ischial tuberosities |
| Forms superior boundary of the perineum. | 143 Pelvic diaphragm |
| Structure forming the posterolateral border of the anal triangle. | 143 Sacrotuberous ligaments |
| The anterior recesses of the ischiorectal fossa are located superiorly and inferiorly between what two structures? | 144 Deep perineal pouch and levator ani (or pelvic diaphragm) |
| Discuss in detail the course taken by the internal pudendal artery and pudendal nerve as they exit the pelvis and pass through the anal canal. | 145 1) Exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen/notch 2) Dorsally cross over ischial spine 3) Enters anal triangle through lesser sciatic foramen/notch 4) Enters pudendal (Alcock's) canal |
| Using an outline format, name all the branches and subbranches of the pudendal nerve. | 145 155 1.Inferior Rectal n. 2. Perineal n. -> a) posterior labial/scrotal nn. b) deep branches 3. Dorsal n. of clitoris/penis |
| Besides the pudendal nerve, give the sources of innervation to the anal triangle. | 145 Perineal branch of S4, perineal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve |
| Forms the upper limit (roof) of the deep perineal space. | 146 Anterior recess of the ischioanal fossae |
| Structure forming the inferior limit of the deep perineal space. | 146 Perineal membrane |
| Define the crura of the perineum. | 147 Corpus cavernosa attached to urogenital structures (definition for cura of penis same as peritoneum?) |
| Besides skin and fascia, name two structures located within the labia majora. | 148 Greater vestibular glands, 149 Bulbospongiosus m., |
| Female homologue of proximal part of the corpus spongiosum. | 148 Vestibular bulb |
| From what components does the suspensory ligament of the clitoris arise? | 149 Deep fascia of lower abdomen |
| From what components does the prepuce of the clitoris arise? | 149 Lateral folds of the labia minora |
| Fold of skin formed by labia minora; forms a hood over most of the clitoris. | 149 Prepuce |
| Define the pudendal cleft. | 149 Space between labia majora |
| List two different muscles occupying the superficial perineal space (also on inferior surface of the perineal membrane). | 150 Bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial transverse perineal mm. |
| The ____ fascia of the perineum is not continuous with the dartos of the scrotum. | 150 Deep |
| What fascial layer is also known as Buck's fascia? | 150 Deep fascia of clitoris/penis |
| Name given to abdominal Scarpa's fascia in the perineal region. | 150 Deep layer of the superficial perineal fascia (Colles) |
| Scarpa's fascia of the abdomen continues into the perineum as the _____layer of the _______perineal fascia, formerly known as ______fascia. Anteromedially, this fascia is continuous with the ________. | 150 Deep, Superficial, Colles', Dartos m. of the scrotum |
| Name given to Camper's fascia in the perineal region. | 150 Superficial layer of the superficial perineal fascia |
| A patient presents with a ruptured bulbar penile urethra. The deep fascia of the perineum is not damaged. In which area(s) would you expect urine to collect during micturition? | 151 Penis |
| The internal pudendal artery terminates as: | 155 Deep artery of penis/clitoris, Dorsal artery of penis/clitoris |
| Name two branches of the perineal artery. | 155 Transverse perineal a., posterior labial/scrotal a. |
| The deep dorsal vein of the penis/clitoris enters the pelvis b/w what ligaments? | 155 Transverse perineal and inferior pubic ligaments |
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