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NWHSU ClinPath I Q1
NWHSU Clinical Pathology I Quiz 1 NOT midterm study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| RBC count XX | 3.5-5.5 million/ul |
| RBC count XY | 4.3-5.9 million/ul |
| Hb XX | 14 g/dl +/-2 |
| Hb XY | 16 g/dl +/- |
| Anemia exists for XX when? | Hb < 11 g/dl |
| Anemia exists for XY when? | Hb < 13 g/dl |
| Hematocrit (Hct) for XX | 37-47% |
| Hematocrit (Hct) for XY | 40-54% |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (aka Mean Cell Volume) | 80-100 fl (femtoliters or cubic microns) |
| Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW) | 11-15% (Can only go up, general early indicator of big problems) |
| Platelet count | 150,000-400,000/cu mm |
| WBC count | 4,500-11,000 |
| Neutrophil % | 50-70% |
| Lymphocytes % | 20-40% |
| Monocytes % | 2-10% |
| Eosinophils % | 1-5% |
| Basophils % | 0-1% |
| Reticulocyte % | .5-1.5% |
| ESR for 20-40 year old male | 1-15mm/hour |
| ESR for 20-40 year old female | 1-20 mm/hour |
| ESR for males NOT 20-40 yoa | age/2 |
| ESR for females NOT 20-40 yoa | age +10/2 |
| Etiology of macrocytosis | Folate or B12 deficiency, chronic liver disease, chronic alcoholism, reticulocytosis, myxedema |
| Etiology of microcytosis | chronic iron deficiency, alpha or beta thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia |
| Leukopenia is usually what infection | viral |
| Leukocytosis is usually what infection | bacterial |
| Diagnose: platelet count > 400,000 (Thrombocythemia, aka thrombocytosis) | malignancy |
| Diagnose: platelet count < 70,000 (Thrombocytopenia) | immune destruction (e.g. drugs, chemotherapy, ITP [Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura]) |
| Diagnose: Leukoerythroblastosis (presence of both immature WBCs and nucleated RBCs inthe peripheral blood smear) | leukemia, polycythemia vera, sever infection |
| Which hormone originates from the kidney and stimulates bone marrow to make RBCs? | Erythropoietin (if patient has kidney disease, they are anemic) |
| What is a fetus' hemoglobin type? | HbF (alpha 2, gamma 2) |
| What is adult's hemoglobin type? | 98% Hb A (alpha 2, beta 2); 2% Hb A2 (alpha 2, delta 2) |
| What three types of urinalysis are there? | physical, chemical, microscopic |
| What's similarity/difference between diabetes insipidus and mellitus? | Similarities: both have diabetes in their name, high urination volume (polyuria). Differences: DI from brain injury, low gravity urine, rare; DM insulin resistant, glycosuria, high gravity |
| Diagnose: Nitrites in urine (requires four hours in lab to detect) | Cystisis (aka Urinary Tract Infection) |
| Diagnose: glycosuria and ketonuria | Diabetes Mellitus |
| Diagnose: conjugated (water soluble) bilirubin in urine | liver disease or extra/or intra hepatic biliary obstruction |
| Diagnose: increased urine urobilinogen | liver disease (liver parenchymal cells aren't metabilizing enough urobilinogen absorbed from intestine |
| What is the reference range for RBC and WBC per high-power field of microscope | RBC's 0-2, WBC's 0-5 |
| In/Decreased wbc's in blood | Leukocytosis/Leukopenia |
| Increased glucose in blood | Hyperglycemia |
| Diagnose: WBC's in urine | Pyuria |
| Diagnose: WBC casts in urine (definite evidence originated in kidney) | Acute Pyelonephritis |
| Diagnose: RBC casts in urine | Acute Glomerulonephritis |
| Patients stage when waxy casts in urine | advanced renal failure |
| Patients stage when fatty casts in urine | Nephrotic Sydnrome (end of renal failure) |
| cast seen in exercisers | Hyaline |
| How many squamous epithelial cells per low-power field indicate contamination of urine | 10 |
| Diagnose: suprapubic tenderness accompanied by dysuria, urgency or hesitancy | Cystitis |
| Diagnose: severe pain in the flank, with radiation in the groin | uretal distention or irritation by stones, clots, in papillary necrosis |
| Causes white foam in urine | Albumin |
| Causes yellow foam in urine | Bilirubin |
| Blood in urine | Hematuria |
| Nitrites in urine | Nitrituria |
| Hemoglobin in urine | Hemoglobinuria |
| Diagnose: "When I drink beer my low back hurts." | Hodgkin Lymphoma |
| Binucleated malignant reticulum cell, aka Reed-Sternberg cells | Hodgkin Lymphoma |
| Diagnose: "I have regular intervals of fever, then no fever." (aka Pel-Ebstein fever pattern) | Hodgkin Lymphoma |
| Diagnose: Lymphocytopenia, Anemia, elevated serum alkaline phophatase, elevated ESR | Hodgkin Lymphoma |
| Diagnose: fever of unknown origin, pruritus and lymphadenopathy | Hodgkin Lymphoma |
| Diagnose: elevated RBC, WBC, Platelets, Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase | Polycythemia Vera |
| Diagnose: elevated RBC, WBC, Platelets, NOT ELEVATED Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase | Leukemia |
| Diagnose: anemia, infections (UTI, Pneumonia, etc.), bruising from unknown origin | Leukemia |
| Diagnose: "My hands and feet feel like they're burning and itching like CRAZY!" aka Erythromelalgia and Pruritus | Polycythemia Vera |
| Diagnose: elevated RBC, NOT ELEVATED WBC, Platelets; History states high altitude, chronic lung disease, or smoking | Secondary erthrocytosis aka secondary polycythemia |
| Diagnose: elevated RBC, NOT ELEVATED WBC, Platelets; Urinalysis: cloudy urine; History states NO high altitude, chronic lung disease, or smoking | Relative erythrocytosis, aka relative polycythemia, in other words, plasma volume low due to dehydration |
| Diagnose: splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, fever, anemia, hemorrage, infection | leukemia |
| Diagnose: WBC count 15,000-50,000/cu mm, platelets < 100,000/cu mm, peripheral smear shows lymphoblasts and the child (aka patient) is anemic | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
| Diagnose: child is not growing, developing (e.g. crawling to walking), or playing; easily bruised, bone and joint pain, fatique, headache, orthopenea (dyspnea, shortness of breath), oliguria (hypouresis, not enough urine) | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
| Diagnose: child has anemia (low RBC), thrombocytopenia (platelets < 100,000/cu mm), and lymphoblasts | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
| Diagnose: CBC shows subnormal neutrophils, RBCs, and platelets; elevated WBC, ESR; blood smear shows myeloblasts with Auer Rods | Acute Myeloid Leukemia |
| Diagnose: 70 year old reaches satiety quickly when eating; lyphadenophath, splenomegaly, Hepatomegaly; B cell lymphocytosis (>5000 microliter); blood smear shows "smudge cells" and mature appearing small lymphocytes | Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |
| Diagnose: CBC shows WBC 200,000/microliter, elevated eisonophils and basophils, lymphocytosis; Philadelphia chromosome | Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
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AnatomyMash
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