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29 European Global
Western European industrialization fundamentally altered the nature of the world
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kingdom of Mataram | controlled most of interior Java in the 17th century; weakness of the state after the 1670s allowed the Dutch to expand their control over all of Java |
| Sepoys | Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British. |
| Raj | the British political establishment in India. |
| Plassey (1757) | battle between the troops of the British East India Company and the Indian ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of northeast India |
| Robert Clive | architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India. |
| Presidencies | three districts that comprised the bulk of British-ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay |
| Princely states | ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty |
| Nabobs | name given to British who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly |
| Charles Cornwallis | British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s |
| Isandhlwana (1879) | Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies |
| Tropical dependencies | Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations |
| White Dominions | a type of settlement colony—as in North America and Australia—where European settlers made up the majority of the population |
| Settler colonies | colonies—as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii—where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples |
| White racial supremacy | belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I |
| Great Trek | migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control |
| Boer republics | independent states—the Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners |
| Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated the political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics |
| Boer War (1899–1902 | fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control |
| James Cook | his voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West. |
| Kamehameha | Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations |
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