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US History Terms
United States History Terms for STAAR Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Demand | the quantities of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices during a given period of time |
| Democracy | a system of government in which political control is exercised by all the people, either directly or through their elected representatives. |
| Desertification | the spread of desert conditions in arid and semiarid regions resulting from a combination of climatic changes and increasing human pressures such as overgrazing, removal of vegetation, and cultivation of marginal land. |
| Dictatorship | a system of government in which those who rule usually acquire and maintain authority by force and cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. |
| Diffusion | the spread of people, ideas, technology, and products among places |
| Direct Democracy | a democratic system of government in which the people exercise political control and participate directly indecision making |
| Direction Indicator | an element of a map used to show direction, usually labeling north and frequently all cardinal directions |
| Discrimination | unfair treatment of a person or group based on a variety of prejudices |
| Division of Labor | the separation of the total work required to produce a good or service into individual interrelated tasks |
| Due Process of Law | The right of every citizen to be protected against arbitrary action by the government. |
| Earth-Sun Relationship | The position of the earth relative to the sun that helps to determine day and night,seasons, & time zones. |
| Economic Growth | An increase in an economy's ability to produce goods and services over time. |
| Entrepreneur | An individual who organizes the use of productive resources to produce goods and services |
| Entrepreneurship | The organization of productive resources by a person willing to take risks to start a business |
| Ex Post Facto Law | A legislative act that retroactively makes an act a crime,makes crime more serious,makes criminal punishment more severe or changes the trial rules to make conviction easier |
| Federalism | A form of political organization in which governmental power is divided between a central government and territorial subdivisions-under US Constitution, between national and state governments |
| Flow Resource | A resource that is neither renewable or non-renewable, but must be used when or where it occurs ex: running water, wind, sunlight |
| Globalization | The act,process, or policy of making something worldwide in scope or application |
| Goods | Objects that are capable of satisfying people's wants |
| Graphic Organizers | Written or pictorial representations used to organize information ex:flow charts, webs , Venn diagrams, T-charts |
| Gross Domestic Product | The value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given year |
| Habeas Corpus (writ of) | A court order demanding that the individual in custody be brought into the court and shown the cause of the detention; guaranteed by the US constitution & can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion |
| Human Characteristic/Feature | An aspect of a place or a quality of the Earth's surface constructed by people including cities,parks,buildings & roads |
| Human Resource | A productive resource consisting of the talents and skills of human beings that contribute to the production of goods and services |
| Imperialism | A policy used by strong countries to gain social,political, & economic control over foreign territories |
| Initiative | A petition process by which a certain percentage of voters(electors) can put a proposed constitutional amendment or statute on the ballot for popular approval or rejection or submit a proposed statute to a legislative assembly for approval |
| Institutionalized Discrimination | Unfair treatment of a group based on prejudice & carried out by governments,organizations,& companies that limit freedoms in political,economic,social,cultural, or any other field of public life |
| Product | Something produced by human or mechanical effort or by a natural process |
| Production | The act of combining resources,human resources,capital goods, & entrepreneurship to make goods and services |
| Productive Capacity | The maximum output that an economy can produce without big increases in inflation |
| Productive Resources | The resources used to make goods and services (natural resources,human resources,capital goods) |
| Progressive Tax | A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases |
| Proportional Tax | A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes remains the same for all income levels. |
| Public Sector | The part of the economy that involves the transactions of government |
| Pull Factor | A social, political,economic, or environmental attraction of a new area that drew people away from their previous location |
| Push Factor | A social, political, economic, or environmental force that drove people from their previous location to a search for a new one |
| Racism | The belief that members of one's own race are superior physically,mentally,culturally, and morally to members of other races |
| Referendum | Process of measure passed by a legislature is submitted(referral)to voters for final approval or rejection or petition process by which a certain percentage of electors can order recently passed legislation be submitted to voters for approval or rejection |
| Region | An area with one or more common characteristics or features, which give it a measure of homogeneity & make it different from surrounding areas |
| Regressive Tax | A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes decreases as income increases |
| Relative Location | The location of a place in relation to other places ex: northwest, downstream |
| Reliability | The degree to which something is trustworthy or is suitable to be depended upon |
| Renewable Resource | A natural resource that can be regenerated if used carefully ex:fish,timber |
| Representative Democracy (Republic) | A democratic system of government in which the people exercise political control 7 participate through elected representatives responsible for promoting the common value |
| Responsibilities | The conditions or tasks for which a person is accountable or answerable |
| Rights | Just claims that belong to a person by law, nature, or tradition |
| Scale | The relationship or ratio between a linear measurement on a map and the corresponding distance on the Earth's surface |
| Scarcity | The lack of sufficient resources to produce all the goods and services that people desire. |
| Secondary Source | An account of an event by someone who was not present at the event. |
| Services | Actions that are capable of satisfying people's wants |
| Specialization | The concentration of production on fewer kinds of goods and services than are consumed. |
| Standard of Living | A person's or group's level of material well-being, as measured by education,housing,health care, and nutrition. |
| Supply | The quantities of a good and service that producers are willing and able to provide at various prices during a given time period. |
| Territory | An area of land; the land and waters under the jurisdiction of a state, nation, or sovereign. |
| Thematic Map | A portrayal on a flat surface of geographic topic ex:migration routes resource locations population densities |
| Theocracy | A system of government headed by one or more religious leaders who claim to rule by divine authority. |
| Trade-off | The sacrifice of one option for another when a decision is made. |
| Traditional Economy | An economic decision in which decisions on production and consumption are based upon customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits. |
| Want | A psychological or physical desire that can be fulfilled through the consumption of goods and services. |
| Absolute Location | The location of a point on the earth's surface which can be expressed by a grid reference ex: latitude and longitude |
| Absolute Monarchy | A system of government headed by a monarch as the only source of power controlling all functions of the state. |
| Artifact | A material object of a culture such as a tool, an article of clothing, or a prepared tool. |
| B.C.E. | Before the Common Era (also referred to as B.C.) |
| Barter | The trade of goods and services for other goods and services without the use of money. |
| Benefit | That which is received as an improvement or an advantage as a result of a decision |
| Bicameral | Composed of two legislative chambers |
| Bill of Attainder | A legislative act that inflicts punishment upon a person or group without a judicial trial. |
| C.E. | In the Common Era (also referred to as A.D.) |
| Capital Good | A productive resource consisting of human-made materials needed to produce goods and services; capital goods include buildings, machinery, equipment and tools. |
| Cardinal Directions | The four main points of the compass (north,east, south, west) |
| Circular Flow Model | A diagram that shows the flow of economic activity among sectors of the economy. |
| Colonialism | A system where one country extends its control over foreign dependencies , especially for economic benefit. |
| Command Economy | An economic system in which all decisions on production & consumption are made by the central government. |
| Comparative Advantage | The ability to produce goods or services at lower opportunity cost than any other individuals or countries. |
| Compass Rose | An element of a map used to show direction, usually showing cardinal directions and frequently intermediate directions. |
| Constitutional Monarchy | A system of government headed by a monarch whose powers are delineated in the fundamental law of the state. |
| Consumer | A person whose wants are satisfied by using goods and services. |
| Consumer Price Index | A number used to measure changes in the cost of a standard group of goods and services bought by a typical urban consumer. |
| Consumption | The purchase and/or use of goods and services. |
| Coordinate | On of a set of numbers that determines the location of a point in a space. |
| Cost | An alternate given up as the result of a decision. |
| Country | A unit of political space, the entire land area of a nation or state. |
| Credibility | The quality or state of offering reasonable grounds for being believed. |
| Cultural Institution | An established custom, practice, or relationship of importance in a society. |
| Cultural Perspective | The complex set of meanings,attitudes, values, & ideas belonging to a cultural group. |
| Cultural Practice | A pattern of behavior accepted by a society. |
| Cultural Product | A tangible (ex: painting, cathedral,mosque, piece of literature,chopsticks)or intangible (ex: tale, dance, sacred ritual, system of education) aspect produced by a cultural group |
| Culture | Learned behavior of a group of people, which includes their belief systems & languages;their social relationships,their institutions & organizations, & their material goods such as food,clothing,buildings,tools and machines. |
| Deforestation | The destruction and removal of forest & its undergrowth by natural or human forces. |
Created by:
YoungbloodScience
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