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PDx Final
Neck Vessels, Lung, Heart, Female, Peripheral Vascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How far should extension of the neck veins go above the suprasternal notch? | 2cm |
| Procedure to observe filling of the neck veins | Strip down from Above |
| What stops upon compression of the neck veins? | Pressure changes from the heart |
| What does Jugular Filling Level represent? | Right Atrium pressure |
| Jugular filling level will do what during inspiration? | Drop inferior as patient inhales - Blood and air are sucked into chest upon inspiration |
| Increased Venous Waves suggest? | High pressure in the right atrium - Tricuspid Stenosis |
| Absence of Venous Pulsations suggest? | Right atrium blocked of normal pressure changes - Lung tumor obstruction |
| Kussmaul's Sign | Paradoxical increase in vein column during inspiration - Constrictive pericarditis with tamponade |
| Pulsus Tardus | Pulse taken peripherally is weak and arrives late - Suggest obstruction |
| Water-Hammer Pulse | High pulse pressures - Aortic Regurgitation |
| Apex Beat | Most lateral pulsation that can be seen |
| Angina Pectoris | Paroxysmal (sudden, sharp attack) pain may radiate to neck, jaw, left arm. - Myocardial Ischemia |
| Arteriosclerosis | Hardening and thickening of the arterial walls due to plaque formation. |
| Atrial Fibrillation | Atrial quiver, "irregularly irregular" Blood is not completely pumped out of Atrium May result in clotting of blood |
| Atrial Flutter | Rapid regular atrial rhythm |
| Auscultatory Gap | Sound is not heard - Hypertension - Aortic Stenosis |
| Bigeminal Pulse | Abnormal Pulse: Strong beat..weak beat.......no beat....strong beat..weak beat.......no beat - Premature Contractions - Digitalis Toxicity - Partial Heart Block (missed beat) |
| Bradycardia | Abnormally slow heart rate, under 60 BPM |
| Bruit | Harsh/musical sound caused by turbulent flow through an artery |
| Coarctation | Stricture or narrowing of lumen of vessels |
| Diastole | Resting period when Ventricles fill with blood |
| Ectopic | "Out of place" heartbeat. In some abnormal focus other than the SA Node |
| Embolus | Mobile foreign object in vessels |
| Gallop Rhythm | Extra heart sound causes a triple cadence/canter |
| Heave | Palpable diffuse, lift of chest wall |
| Hepatojugular Reflux | Venous pressure rises when upper abdomen compressed and Jugular Vein becomes prominent - Right Heart Failure |
| Holosystolic (Pansystolic) | Murmur |
| Homan's Sign | Calf pain associated with Dorsiflexion of foot - Thrombophlebitis |
| Hypovolemic Shock | State of shock resulting from massive blood loss |
| Inching | Small sliding movements of the stethoscope over the precordium |
| Infarct | Localized area of tissue necrosis |
| Intermitten Claudication | Prolonged ischemia to the legs results in pain, aching and cramping. |
| Ischemia | Diminished blood supply resulting in lack of oxygen |
| Korotkoff Sound | Sounds heard during blood pressure measurement due to turbulent flow |
| Palpitation | Awareness of one's heart beating - Pounding - Fluttering - Racing |
| Paradoxic Pulse | Diminished pules amplitude on inspiration Increased pules amplitude on expiration - Cardiac Tamponade |
| Point of Maximum Impulse | Near the Apex in 4th-5th intercostal space, heart beat most clearly palpated |
| Precordium | Area of chest that overlies the heart and great vessels |
| Pulse Pressure | Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure - 30-40mmHg |
| Pulsus Alternans | Alternating pulse. Strong beat alternate with weak beat - Severe Myocardial Disease - Hypertension - Coronary Artery Disease - Left Ventricular Failure |
| Sinus Arrhythmia | Normal pulse pattern that speeds upon inspiration and slows with expiration |
| Systole | Ventricular contraction ejecting blood |
| Tachycardia | Rapid heart rate, more than 100BPM - Anemia - Heart Failure - Shock - Exercise - Anxiety |
| Thrill | Palpable murmur from heart |
| Thrombophlebitis | Clot formation in vein caused by - Trauma - Prolonged Immobility - Postoperation - Infection - Blood Hypercoagulation Disorder |
| Thrombus | Blood clot attached to inner wall of a vessel |
| Raynaud's | Pallor followed by Cyanosis and rubor |
| Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) | Ulceration and Gangrene at tips of fingers and toes |
| Cellulitis | Red streaks on skin |
| Edema in upper limb | Lymphedema |
| Cyanosis | Deoxygenated hemoglobin seen through skin. Blue or purple color |
| Onychomycosis | Yellowing nails |
| Cough | Mechanical or chemical irritation of trachea or bronchi |
| Sputum | Air passage secretion Green = Bacteria Clear/Yellow = Viral |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation of pleura due to viral infection |
| Orthopnea | Dyspnea while lying flat |
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea | Dyspnea suddenly at night |
| Vesicular Breath Sound | Soft, low pitched, heard over both lungs, 3/4:! |
| Bronchial Breath Sound | loud, high pitch heard over manubrium, 1:2 or 1:3 |
| Bronchovesicular Breath Sound | Intermediate intensity and pitch, over the 1st and 2nd interspaces and between the scapulae |
| Late Inspiratory Crackles | Fine - Fireplace |
| Early Inspiratory Crackles | Coarse - Shovel scraping sidewalk |
| Midinspiratory and Expiratory Crackles | With wheeze and rhonchi |
| Wheeze | Whislting, squeaking, musical sound |
| Stridor | High-pitched, noisy respiration - blowing wind |
| Rhonchi | Coarse, rattling, snoring aound. |
| Areola | Circular, darker pigmented area around nipple |
| Montgomery Glands | Small sebaceous glands in Areola |
| Cooper Ligaments | Suspensory ligaments of breast |
| Tail of Spence | Upper outer tail of breast |
| 5 D's related to nipples | Discharge, Depression, Discoloration, Dermatologic changes, Deviation |
| Breast Retratction | Shortening or drawing backward of skin |
| Inverted Nipple | Turned in nipple |
| Paget's Disease of the Breast | Excoriating or scaling lesion |
| Peau D'orange | Dimpling of the skin resembling an orange |
| Supernumerary Nipple | Extra nipple along the milk line |
| Striae | Mechanical stretching of skin causes lines |
| Dilated Superficial Veins | Increased blood flow from the breast. Indicative of Cancer, Pregnancy, Lactation |
| Mastitis | Inflammation of breast |
| Gynecomastia | Abnormally large mammary glands in the male |
| Fibrocystic Disease | Cyst formation and intraductal hyperplasia. Cycle with menstrual cycle |
| Fibroadenoma of the Breast | Benign Neoplasm |
| Nipple Discharge | Lactation, Mastitis, Cancer |
| Colic | Spasmodic pain in abdomen |
| Epigastric Pain and Heartburn | Reflux esophagitis, Gastric ulcer, Duodenal ulcer |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum |
| Nonpigmented Stools | "Acholic" stool |
| Melena | Dark, tarry stool |
| Hematochezia | Passage of bloody stool |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting of blood |
| Coffee Ground Emesis | Blood mixed with acid |
| Ascites | Serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| Linea Nigra | Increase pigmentation along the Linea Alba |
| Diastasis Recti | Mound of tissue between Rectus Abdominis |
| Gravida | Pregnant woman |
| Para | Given birth to one or more infants |
| Menarche | Onset of menstruation |
| Amenorrhea | Absence of pregnancy |
| Oligomenorrhea | Menstrual periods occurring at 35 day intervals |
| Primary Amenorrhea | Menses have never occured |
| Secondary Amenorrhea | Menses appeared at puberty but has stopped |
| Dysmenorrhea | Abnormal pain upon menstrual cycle |
| Leukorrhea | White, vaginal discharge |
| Menorrhagia | Abnormally heavy or extended menstrual periods |
| Metrorrhagia | Uterine bleeding not related to menstruation |
| Dyspareunia | Pain with sexual intercourse |
| Menopause | Permanent cessaton of menses |
| Mittelschmerz | Abdominal pain at time of ovulation |
| Stress Incontinence | Loss of urine with increased intra-abdominal pressure. |
| Cystocele | Bulging of anterior vaginal wall. Protrusion of Urinary Bladder |
| Rectocele | Bulging of posterior vaginal wall. Protrusion of intestinal contents |
| Uterine Prolapse | Urogenital diaphragm problem. Uterus may migrate to vaginal opening. |
| Cervicitis | Inflammation of uterine cervix |
| Endo-Cervical Polyp | Nonmalignant growth/tumor protruding from mucous lining of cervix |
| Gravid Cervix | Pregnant |
| Trichomonas Vaginitis | Yellow, green or grey discharge may be frothy |
| Condyloma Acuminatum | Soft, warty papillomatous projection on labia and vaginal vestibule |
| Condyloma Latum | Raised, moist, flattened papules on Labia or in Vaginal vestibule |
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | Inflammation in pelvic cavity |
| Endometriosis | Endometrial tissue in abnormal location. |
| Uterine Fibroids | Calcified fibroids, bleeding, normally benign |
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