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Government Midterm
Ch. 1-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| permanent campaign | condition that prevails in the new American democracy when the next election campaign begins as soon as the last has ended and the line between electioneering and governing has disappeared |
| 4 key functions of government | -Protects citizens from unlawful activity -Regulates social and economic relationships -Provides services -Defends the country from foreign aggression |
| classic types of government | Monarchy-- Tyranny(rule by one Aristocracy-- Oligarchy (rule by few) Democracy-- “Mobocracy” (rule by many people) |
| direct democracy | A type of government in which all citizens participate personally in making governmental decisions |
| representative democracy | Individuals, periodically chosen by citizens, who have the authority to decide what governments do |
| constituencies | people legally entitle to vote for an officeholder |
| prospective voting (delegate) | voting pattern in which citizens look to the future while voting, taking into account each candidate's campaign promises. |
| trustee | one who acts on behalf of the interests of the citizens rather than according to the citizens' past preferences |
| primary elections | a preliminary contest that narrows the number of the parties' candidates and determines who will be the nominees in the general election |
| initiative | proposed law or state constitutional amendment placed on the ballot in response to a citizen petition |
| recall elections | attempts to remove incumbents from office before the completion of their terms |
| separation of elections(permanent campaign) | increased number of elections, shortened time between elections |
| decay of party organization(permanent campaign) | candidates must build individualized, personal campaign organizations almost from scratch |
| spread of primaries(permanent campaign) | intra party elections |
| rise of mass communication(permanent campaign) | candidates can communicate directly with voters, but their mistakes are easily publicized |
| voter participation | the power of the few |
| nominating candidates | the power of the few |
| campaign resources | the power of the few |
| colonial experience with democracy | -Raleigh failed at establishing a functioning colony "Virginia" -Virginia Company is a group of investors that named colony Jamestown which was self-government -King James ruled by Divine Right which is God selects the sovereign for the people |
| Divine Right | -made Virginia become a royal colony where the King ruled -Puritans sailed Mayflower and rejected the divine right of kings |
| governance of the colonies | -most were proprietary colonies which were governed by either an English noble or by company -9 out of 13 were royal; power by governor and two chambered legislature |
| voting qualifications | women, slaves, indentured servants could not vote |
| taxation without representation | levying of taxes by a government in which the people are not represented by their own elected officials |
| Stamp Act | required that colonists purchase a stamp on official documents |
| Continental Congress | issued a statement of rights and called total boycott of British goods |
| Declaration of Independence | July 4, 1996, Continental Congress asserting the political independence of US from Britain |
| consent of the governed | Thomas Hobbes said kings governed not by divine rule, but by consent of the governed |
| separation of powers | John Locke; government arises from consent of people by legislative & executive law |
| whig theory | took theory in Common Sense by Thomas Paine; leading up to the Revolution |
| Articles of Confederation | first basic governing document of US and forerunner to the Constitution |
| Shay's Rebellion | armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 that further demand for Constitutional change |
| Annapolis Convention | where A. Hamilton, J. Madison and ten other delegates met to discuss constitutional reforms in 1786 |
| Virginia Plan | constitutional proposal supported by delegates form large state; proportional representation |
| New Jersey Plan | small state proposal for Constitutional reform; equal representation of each state |
| Article I | |
| Article II | |
| Article III | |
| judicial review | court authority to declare laws null and void on the grounds that they violate the Constituition |
| Bill of Rights | the first 10 amendments to the Constitution |
| Federalist, Anti-Federalist Debate | Federalist argument largely won out, while AF support for Bill or Rights significant |
| devolution | return of governmental responsibilities to the state and local governments |
| unitary government | system of government under which all authority is held by a single, national government |
| necessary and proper clause | constitutional provision that allows for expanding the scope of national government powers from beyond simply the delegated powers; elastic |
| cooperative federalism | theory that all levels of government can work together (marble cake federalism) |
| general revenue sharing | comprehensive form of grants begun during the Nixon administration, involved giving funds from taxes at the national level, to the states, to be used for any purpose |
| federalism | division of sovereignty between at least two different levels of government |
| block grants | intergovernmental grants with a broad set of objectives, a minimum of federal restrictions and a maximum discretion for local officials |
| dual sovereignty | theory of federalism saying that both the national and state governments have final authority over their own policy domains |
| nullification | doctrine that says that states have the authority to declare acts of Congress unconsitutional |
| supremacy clause | constitutional provision that says the laws of the national government "shall be the supreme Law of the Land" |
| pork barrel projects | Special legislative benefits targeted toward the constituents of particular members of Congress |
| categorical grants | Federal grants to state, local governments that impose programmatic restrictions on use of funds |
| unfunded mandates | federal regulations that impose burdens on state and local governments without appropriating enough money to cover costs |
| commerce clause | constitutional provision that gives Congress power to regulate commerce "among the states" |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | decision in which the Supreme Court first used judicial review to declare a state law unconstitutional |
| New Deal | programs created by the Franklin Roosevelt administration that expanded the power of the federal government for the purpose of stimulating economic recovery and safety for those in need |
| international grant | grant from the national government to a state or local government |
| reapportionment | redrawing of electoral district lines to reflect population changes |
| state sovereign immunity | legal doctrine based on 11th Amendment |
| state and local governments | play a more prominent role in the federal system than they have for several decades |
| problems of implementation | -national and local officials serving different constituencies -delays and confusion with many participants -federal policymakers raise unrealistic expectations |
Created by:
kmb54
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