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Sociology

Chapter 4 Summary

QuestionAnswer
1. Adult Socialization: the process of learning new roles and expectations in adult life.
2. Age Cohort: an aggregate group of people born during the same time period.
3. Age discrimination: different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age.
4. Age prejudice: a negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group.
5. Age stereotype: preconceived judgments about what different age groups are like.
6. Age stratification: the hierarchical ranking of age groups in society.
7. Ageism: the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination.
8. Anticipatory socialization: the process of learning the expectations associated with a role one expects to enter in the future.
9. Creationism: the belief that humans have evolved not via a Darwinian natural selection process, but via the action of a god.
10. Disengagement theory: theory predicting that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society and are simultaneously relieved of responsibilities.
11. Ego: the part of the self representing reason and common sense.
12. Feral children: children who come of age with very little, if any, interaction with humans.
13. Game stage: the stage in childhood where children become capable of taking a multitude of roles at the same time.
14. Generalized other: an abstract composite of social roles and social expectations.
15. Id: the part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives including sexual passions and desires, biological urges, and human instincts.
16. Identity: how one defines oneself.
17. Imitation stage: the stage in childhood when children copy the behavior of those around them.
18. Internalization: a process by which a part of culture becomes incorporated into the personality.
19. Life course: the connection between people’s personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical context of these events.
20. Looking glass self: the idea that people’s conception of self arises through reflection about their relationship with others.
21. Negative reinforcement: (definition not in back of book) taking away something to encourage behavior.
22. Peers: those of similar status.
23. Personality: the cluster of needs, drives, attitudes, predispositions, feelings, and beliefs that characterize a given person.
24. Play stage: the stage in childhood where children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment.
25. Positive reinforcement: (definition not in back of book) adding/giving something to encourage behavior.
26. Psychoanalytic Theory: a theory of socialization positing that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior.
27. Resocialization: the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced.
28. Rite of passage: ceremony or ritual that symbolizes the passage of an individual from one role to another.
29. Role: behaviors others expect from a person associated with a particular status.
30. Schema: human mind organizes experiences into mental categories.
31. Self: our concept of who we are as formed in relationship to others.
32. Self-concept: a person’s image and evaluation of important aspects of oneself.
33. Significant others: those with whom we have a close affiliation.
34. Social control: the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominants social expectations.
35. Social learning theory: a theory of socialization posting that the formation of identity is a learned response to social stimuli.
36. Socialization: the process through which people learn the expectations of society.
37. Socialization Agents: those who pass on social expectations.
38. Stockholm Syndrome: a process by which a captured person identifies with the captor as a result of becoming dependent on the captor.
39. Superego: the dimension of the self representing the cultural standards of society.
40. Taking the role of the other: the process of imagining oneself in the point of view of another.
Created by: tsdarden
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