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Reform and Culture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Second Great Awakening | A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. |
| Horace Mann | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. |
| Abolition Reform | Women joined this movement which caused them to want to speak up for their own rights, wanted freedom of slaves |
| Angelina & Sarah Grimke | Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women. Women's rights advocates as well |
| Frederick Douglass | (1817-1895) A self-educated slave who escaped from slavery,known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star. He was an influential activist for social justice. Also, he was an influential speaker. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Leader of the 19th century women's suffrage movement ,called for the first convention of women's movement in Seneca Falls, wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention |
| Seneca Falls Convention | (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written |
| Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. |
| Susan B. Anthony | (1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869. |
| Harriet Tubman | American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. |
| Robert Finley | A minister who founded the American Colonization Society to help free African Americans return to Africa. The Society gained support from many well-known people and with the help of the US government helped establish the African country of Liberia |
| David Walker | Black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. The only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. |
| Prison Reform Impact | Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and children and called for the mission of prisons was to rehabilitate |
| Temperance Reform Impact | Organized societies that worked at trying to stop the drinking of alcohol. Some states passed laws that made it illegal to sell alcohol. |
| Education Reform Impact | Opening of public schools primarily in the North as well as private grade schools and colleges by churches and other groups |
| Women's Rights Reform Impact | Well organized groups that fought for better working conditions for women. Were able to pass a federal law that ordered a 10 hour working day |
| Lucretia Motts | A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848; women rights activist. Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments. |
| Declaration of Sentiments | series of resolutions issued at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the list of grievances called for economic and social equality for women, along with a demand for the right to vote. |
| American Colonization Society | A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. |
| The Liberator | (1831-1865) Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. |
| American Anti-Slavery Society | (1833-1870) Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the society had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters |
| Underground Railroad | 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North |
| Charles Grandison Finney | American Evangelist, theologian, and educator. Licensed to the Presbyterian ministry in 1824, he had phenomenal success as a revivalist in the Northeast, converting many who later became noted abolitionists. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. |
| Margaret Fuller | Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. |
| Thomas Cole | Landscape artist who became a leader of the Hudson River School of painting/ known for painting nature scenes around the Hudson River Valley |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. Descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the puritans and their cruelty to a woman who committed adultery and forced to wear a scarlet "A". |
| Edgar Allen Poe | (1809-1849)American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. The Raven, The Fall of The House of Usher, The Cask of Amontillado |
| Walt Whitman | American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, book Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. |
| The North Star | Frederick Douglass founds a newspaper which is an antislavery newspaper in 1847 |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | (Harriet Beechers Stone) powerful novel that make American aware of the harsh and inhumane conditions of slavery and put the country on the road to civil war, |
| Hudson River School | Their paintings depict the American landscape and reflect three themes of America in the 19th century: discovery, exploration and settlement |
| John James Audubon | American artist who drew birds, mammals, plants, and other subjects of nature giving special attention to the relationship between animals and their habitats. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War. |
| 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery in the United States |
| 14th Amendment | declared that all persons born in the US were citizenship, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights and their rights were protected by due process |
| 15th Amendment | Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude |
| Dorothea Dix | Reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, 1820's,responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses, insane asylums in the U.S. and Canada. |
| Transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's,each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. |
| Samuel Gridley Howe | In 1832, he became the first director of the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), the first such institution in the United States. Howe directed the school for the rest of his life (education) |
| Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet | United States educator who established the first free school in the United States for the hearing impaired (1787-1851 |
| Emancipation | (1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 |
| Common School Movement | a social reform effort, started by Horace Mann in the mid-1800s, that promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background |
| Emma Willard | Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college. |
| Mary Lyon | Advocated for women's education and created Mount Holyoke in the early 19th century as a female seminary which continues as an educational institution today. She advocated that women be educated to be missionaries and teachers |
| Care of the disabled and mentally ill | Building of new hospitals for the mentally ill, deaf and blind |
| 1807 | Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then demand began to end slavery |
| 1820-1840 | Abolitionists grew in number |
| 1840-1850 | Abolitionist leaders Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation, the Underground Railroad began to make an impact, and the women's movement joined in |
| Emily Dickinson | A recluse and poet who wrote mostly about the interaction between the inner self and the outside world (a strongly transcendentalist theme). Wrote over 1700 poems, only 7 were published during her lifetime. |
| "Battle Hymn of the Republic" | Written at the beginning of the Civil War, used music from the abolitionist song "John Brown's Body", became a popular Civil War song of the Union Army and later a well-loved patriotic anthem |
| Arguments for Temperance/Prohibition Laws | 1. Alcohol is dangerous and destructive 2. Cause for unemployment, slums, crime 3. Leads to violence |
| Arguments Against Temperance/Prohibition Laws | 1. Some people will lose their jobs 2. Not all people create problems when they drink 3. Leads to crime |
| Lucy Stone | formed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches |
| Emily Dickinson | American Poet, Because I could not stop for death. |
Created by:
mschlegel
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