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Early Latin1492-1700
The new Latin American empires of Spain and Portugal, created through conquest
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of New World by funded Columbus' journey |
| Encomiendas | grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance. |
| Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards by Columbus on his second voyage. |
| Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. |
| Hernán Cortés | led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule. |
| Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés’s conquest. |
| Mexico City | capital of New Spain built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. |
| New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. |
| Francisco Vácquez de Coronado | led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold. |
| Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541. |
| Mita | forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. |
| Columbian Exchange | biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds. |
| Potosí | largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. |
| Huancavelica | greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production. |
| Haciendas | rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. |
| Consulado | merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of silver shipped in return. |
| Galleons | large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of bullion. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. |
| Recopilación | body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies. |
| Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. |
| Letrados | university-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system. |
| Viceroyalties | major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. |
| Audiencia | royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws. |
| Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | 17th-century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. |
| Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed Brazil in 1500. |
| Captaincies | areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development. |
| Paulistas | backwoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. |
| Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. |
| Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763. |
| Sociedad de castas | Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. |
| Peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. |
| Creoles | people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. |
| Amigos del país | clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform. |
| War of the Spanish Succession | (1702–1713); wide-ranging war fought between European nations; resulted in the installation of Philip of Anjou as king of Spain. |
| Charles III | enlightened Spanish monarch (1759–1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. |
| José de Galvez | Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government. |
| Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755–1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. |
| Comunero Revolt | a popular revolt against Spanish rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels. |
| Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. |
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