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Environ, Advocacy
Environ., Advocacy and Emergence of Planning Profession (1960s - 1970s)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1962 | "A Choice Theory of Planning" seminal article in AIP Journal by Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner, lays basis for advocacy planning concept. |
| 1962 | Rachel Carson's book, "Silent Spring" is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life. |
| 1964 | T.J. Kent publishes "The Urban General Plan" |
| 1965 | A White House Conference on Natural Beauty in America is convened on May 24 and 25, owing much to the interest and advocacy of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson. |
| 1965 | Housing and urban policy achieve cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) |
| 1965 | Congress passes the Water Resources Management Act authorizing Federal-Multistate river basin commissions. |
| 1965 | The Public Work and Economic Development Act passes Congress. This act establishes the Economic Development Administration to extend coordinated, multifaceted aid to lagging regions and foster their redevelopment. |
| 1965 | The Appalachian Regional Planning Act establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources. |
| 1965 | John Reps publishes "The Making of Urban America", the first comprehensive history of American urban planning beginning with colonial times. |
| 1966 | The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program. |
| 1966 | "With Heritage So Rich", a seminal historic preservation book, is published. |
| 1966 | National Historic Preservation Act passed. Establishes the National Register of Historic Places and provides, through Section 106, for the protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities. |
| 1966 - Other segment of the National Historic Preservation Act | This act also created the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that each state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). |
| 1966 | Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, and other preservation-worthy resources in building national roads. |
| 1966 - Other part of Section 4(f) of Dept. of Transportation Act | Unlike parkland and wildlife refuges, however, privately-owned historic sites, as well as those in public ownership are protected by Section 4(f). |
| 1967 | The planning profession reaches its 50th anniversary with a celebratory conference in Washington D.C. Many of the earliest practitioners and founders of the profession attended together with eminent leaders of other professions. |
| 1967 | The "(Louis B) Wetmore Amendment" - final phrase in the 1938 AIP declaration of purpose - tied it to the arrangement and regulation of land use. Purpose = to broaden AIP scope and membership by bringing "social planners" and "physical planners" together. |
| 1968 | Intergovernmental Relations Act of 1968. The Office of Management and Budget issues Circular A-95 requiring state and substate clearninghouses to review/comment on federally assisted projects to foster coordination among the three levels of government. |
| 1968 | Jones v. Mayer - racial barriers cannot affect the acquisition of property. |
| 1969 | Ian McHarg publishes "Design with Nature", tying planning to the natural environment. |
| 1969 | National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Requires an "environmental impact statement" for every federal or federally-assisted state or local major action that might significantly impact the environment. |
| 1969 | Mel Scott publishes "American City Planning Since 1890". Reissued in 1995 by the APA. |
| 1970 | First "Earth Day", January 1st. |
| 1970 | Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA). |
| 1970 | The Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan is adopted. The first such plan in the nation to allocate low- and moderate-income housing on a "fair-share" basis. |
| 1971 | AIP adopts the Code of Ethics for professional planners. |
| 1971 | James v. Valtierra. The US Supreme Court upheld an amendment to the California constitution mandating a referendum on all housing projects because an intent to racially discriminate could not be found. |
| 1971 | Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v. US Atomic Energy Commission. US Supreme Court found that an approval for a nuclear power plant was not properly granted because it violated NEPA. The decision solidified the place of NEPA in the development world. |
| 1972 | Coastal Zone Management Act adopted. |
| 1972 | General revenue sharing inaugurated under the US State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act. |
| 1972 | In Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth. |
| 1972 | Demolition of St. Louis's notorious Pruitt-Igoe Project symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed. |
| 1973 | Endangered Species Act. Authorized Federal assistance to state and local jurisdictions to establish conservation programs for endangered plant and animal species. |
| 1973 | The Oregon Supreme Court rules in Fasano v. Board of County Commissioners of Washington County that all zoning and rezoning must be consistent with applicable comprehensive plans. |
| 1974 | The Housing and Community Development Act replaces the categorical grant with the block grand as the principal form of federal aid for local community development. |
| 1974 | The US Supreme Court rules in Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas that limiting residents of housing units to related individuals was a legitimate use of the police power, eliminating many fundamental civil rights challenges to local regulations. |
| 1975 | Cleveland Policy Plan Report shifts emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning. |
| 1976 | Historic Preservation Fund established. |
| 1977 | First exam for AIP membership conducted. |
| 1978 | Penn Central Trans Co v. City of NY. Court upholds NYC's Landmark Preservation Law for Grand Central Terminal. The Court found that barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use. |
| 1978 | American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become American Planning Association (APA). |
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jlongabaugh
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