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Sociology

Chapter 3 Glossary

QuestionAnswer
1. Concept: Any abstract characteristic or attribute that has the potential to be measured.
2. Content Analysis: The analysis of meanings in cultural artifacts like books, songs, and other forms of cultural communication.
3. Controlled Experiment: A method of collecting data that can determine whether something actually causes something else.
4. Correlation: A statistical technique that analyzes patterns of association between pairs of sociology variables.
5. Cross-Tabulation: A table that shows how the categories of two variables are related.
6. Data: The systematic information that sociologist use to investigate research questions.
7. Data Analysis: The process by which sociologists organize collected data to discover what patterns and uniformities are revealed.
8. Debriefing: A process whereby the researcher explains the true purpose of a research study to the subject (respondent); usually done after completion of the study.
9. Deductive Reasoning: The process of creating a specific research question about a focused point, based on a more general or universal principle.
10. Dependent Variable: The variable that is presumed effect.
11. Evaluation Research: Research assessing the effect of policies and programs.
12. Generalization: The ability to make claims that a finding represents something greater than the specific observation on which the finding is based.
13. Hypothesis: A statement about what one expects to find in research.
14. Independent Variable: A variable that is the presumed cause of a particular result.
15. Informed Consent: A formal acknowledgment by the research subject (respondent) that she/he understands the purpose of the research and agrees to be studied.
16. Indicator: Something that points to or reflect an abstract concept.
17. Inductive Reasoning: The process of arriving at general conclusions from specific observations.
18. Mean: The sum of a set of values divided by the number of cases from which the values are obtained; an average.
19. Median: The midpoint in a series of values that are arranged in numerical order.
20. Mode: The value (or score) that appears most frequently in a set of data.
21. Participant Observation: A method whereby the sociologist becomes both a participant in the group being studied and a scientific observer of the group.
22. Percentage: The number of parts per hundred.
23. Population: A relatively large collection of people (or other unit) that a researcher studies and about which generalization are made.
24. Qualitative Research: Research that is somewhat less structured than quantitative research but that allows more depth of interpretation and nuance in what people say and do.
25. Quantitative Research: Research that uses numerical analysis.
26. Random Sample: A sample that gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected.
27. Rate: Parts per some number (e.g., per 10,000; per 100,000).
28. Reliability: The likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure were repeated.
29. Replication Study: Research that is repeated exactly, but on a different group of people at a different point in time.
30. Research Design: The overall logic and strategy underlying a research project.
31. Sample: Any subset of units from a population that a researcher studies.
32. Scientific Method: The steps in a research process, including observation, hypothesis testing, analysis of data, and generalization.
33. Serendipity: Unanticipated, yet informative, results of a research study.
34. Spurious Correlation: A false correlation between X and Y, produced by their relationship to some third variable (Z) rather than by a true causal relationship to each other.
35. Validity: The degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept.
36. Variable: Something that can have more than one value or score.
Created by: tsdarden
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