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Sociology
Chapter 3 Glossary
Question | Answer |
---|---|
1. Concept: | Any abstract characteristic or attribute that has the potential to be measured. |
2. Content Analysis: | The analysis of meanings in cultural artifacts like books, songs, and other forms of cultural communication. |
3. Controlled Experiment: | A method of collecting data that can determine whether something actually causes something else. |
4. Correlation: | A statistical technique that analyzes patterns of association between pairs of sociology variables. |
5. Cross-Tabulation: | A table that shows how the categories of two variables are related. |
6. Data: | The systematic information that sociologist use to investigate research questions. |
7. Data Analysis: | The process by which sociologists organize collected data to discover what patterns and uniformities are revealed. |
8. Debriefing: | A process whereby the researcher explains the true purpose of a research study to the subject (respondent); usually done after completion of the study. |
9. Deductive Reasoning: | The process of creating a specific research question about a focused point, based on a more general or universal principle. |
10. Dependent Variable: | The variable that is presumed effect. |
11. Evaluation Research: | Research assessing the effect of policies and programs. |
12. Generalization: | The ability to make claims that a finding represents something greater than the specific observation on which the finding is based. |
13. Hypothesis: | A statement about what one expects to find in research. |
14. Independent Variable: | A variable that is the presumed cause of a particular result. |
15. Informed Consent: | A formal acknowledgment by the research subject (respondent) that she/he understands the purpose of the research and agrees to be studied. |
16. Indicator: | Something that points to or reflect an abstract concept. |
17. Inductive Reasoning: | The process of arriving at general conclusions from specific observations. |
18. Mean: | The sum of a set of values divided by the number of cases from which the values are obtained; an average. |
19. Median: | The midpoint in a series of values that are arranged in numerical order. |
20. Mode: | The value (or score) that appears most frequently in a set of data. |
21. Participant Observation: | A method whereby the sociologist becomes both a participant in the group being studied and a scientific observer of the group. |
22. Percentage: | The number of parts per hundred. |
23. Population: | A relatively large collection of people (or other unit) that a researcher studies and about which generalization are made. |
24. Qualitative Research: | Research that is somewhat less structured than quantitative research but that allows more depth of interpretation and nuance in what people say and do. |
25. Quantitative Research: | Research that uses numerical analysis. |
26. Random Sample: | A sample that gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected. |
27. Rate: | Parts per some number (e.g., per 10,000; per 100,000). |
28. Reliability: | The likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure were repeated. |
29. Replication Study: | Research that is repeated exactly, but on a different group of people at a different point in time. |
30. Research Design: | The overall logic and strategy underlying a research project. |
31. Sample: | Any subset of units from a population that a researcher studies. |
32. Scientific Method: | The steps in a research process, including observation, hypothesis testing, analysis of data, and generalization. |
33. Serendipity: | Unanticipated, yet informative, results of a research study. |
34. Spurious Correlation: | A false correlation between X and Y, produced by their relationship to some third variable (Z) rather than by a true causal relationship to each other. |
35. Validity: | The degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept. |
36. Variable: | Something that can have more than one value or score. |