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Sociology Unit 2
Review based on chapters 3 and 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment | technology |
| the process of adapting borrowed cultural traits | reformulation |
| A resistance to any change that threatens a person's security or standard of living. | vested interests |
| The tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. | ethnocentrism |
| The process of spreading culture traits from one society to another. | diffusions |
| What is a negative sanction? | a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity |
| A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is | an ideology |
| A commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents, and potential is | self-fulfillment |
| the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations | internatlization |
| People resist cultural change due to ethnocentrism, culture lag, and | vested interests |
| A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is | accomodation |
| A typically nonprofit organization which is formed to pursue some common interest is a | voluntary association |
| the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person | conflict |
| The main form of food production in ____ is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. | hunting and gathering societies |
| the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in return | reciprocity |
| The exchange of a good or service is | barter |
| Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n) | social institution |
| What is an example of an achieved status: basketball player, musician, sister, actor? | basketball, player, musician, and an actor are all achieved statuses. |
| The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called | role expectations |
| Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a(n) | role set |
| A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status. | social category |
| The specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities is | the division of labor |
| People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others are said to be | leaders |
| True or False: Extreme self-centeredness is referred to as narcissism. | TRUE |
| True or False: An informal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency. | FALSE |
| True or False: Not everyone internalizes all of society’s norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment. | FALSE |
| True or False: Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status. | TRUE |
| True or False: The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances. | FALSE |
| We learned about the process of internalization during this unit. Provide an example of a norm that you have internalized. | Please be prepared to answer this on the test yourself. |
| How does population stimulate social change? | A change in the size of population can bring changes in the culture (new food with immigrants), changes in economy (supply and demand), increase employment with growing population and more crowded conditions, demand for energy, etc. |
| What is a social movement? | A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change. Social movements usually involve large numbers of people. Examples of social movements include the prohibition movement and the civil rights movement. |
| How has advertising affected American values? | companies influence American values through advertising. They attempt to sell their products by explaining how it will enhance consumers' material comfort and lead to self-fulfillment. |
| Into what three broad categories do sociologists place societies? | preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial |
| Describe the two ideal types of societies based on the structure of social relationships and the degree of shared values among societal members that German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies distinguished. | Be prepared to answer this on the test. Refer to page 77 of your textbook. |
Created by:
vderoner
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