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Progressive Movement
Key Terms to help with Louisiana EOC
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| child labor | led to children both missing out on school and becoming trapped in poverty |
| labor unions | organizations of workers that arose during the age of industrialization; intended to protect the interests of members |
| Knights of Labor | hoped to organize all working men and women into a single union; pursued social reforms like equal pay for equal work, the 8 hour workday,and an end to child labor |
| American Federation of Labor | focused on the issues of wages, working hours, and working conditions; often used strikes and boycotts and pressed for a "closed shop" workplace |
| Samuel Gompers | leader of the American Federation of Labor |
| strikes | a method used by unions in which employees refuse to report for work until certain demands are met |
| boycotts | the act of refusing to buy or pay for certain services or products in the hopes of forcing producers to change their policies or actions |
| collective bargaining | a process in which employees negotiate as a group rather than as individuals in an effort to increase their bargaining power |
| closed shop | a workplace in which employers can only hire union members, thereby forcing employers to deal with the union |
| Eugene Debs | an influential union leader who was the head of the American Railway Union and led the famed Pullman strike |
| injunctions | court orders that forbade strikes because they violated the law or threatened public interests |
| Great Strike | first major cause of nationwide labor unrest, it occurred in 1877 and involved the nation's railroads; President Hayes eventually sent in federal troops to put down the protests |
| Haymarket riot | violent incident occurred in Chicago's Haymarket Square in 1886 as part of a national labor demonstration; during the rally a bomb exploded and a riot broke out that resulted in several deaths |
| Homestead strike | strike among steelworkers in 1892 at Carnegie's steel plat; became violent when strikers and Pinkerton agents started shooting at one another |
| Pullman strike | last great nationwide strike; ended when strikers disrupted the US mail and the president sent in federal troops to enforce a federal injunction against the union |
| Progressive Era | government officials and citizens called for reforms in business, politics, and society as a whole and as a result, many political, social, and economic reforms came about |
| muckrakers | term applied to writers of the Progressive Era who exposed abuses in government and industry |
| Jacob Riis | photographer and writer who drew attention to the horrible living conditions in city tenements |
| Jane Addams | opened Hull House in Chicago and aided poor workers and immigrants |
| Hull House | served as a center from which poor workers and immigrants received needed help |
| settlement houses | houses in urban areas in which reformers wanting to serve the poor and immigrants would live and from which they would assist the urban working class |
| temperance movement | movement that originally wanted to limit, and eventually advocated eliminating, alcohol |
| 18th amendment | prohibited the making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages |
| women's suffrage movement | reform movement that called for women to have the right to vote |
| Susan B. Anthony | one of the most recognized leader's of the women's suffrage movement |
| 19th Amendment | gave women the right to vote in national elections |
| Theodore Roosevelt | youngest man to ever serve as President; reforms included natural resource conservation and breaking up of monopolies |
| William Howard Taft | elected president after Roosevelt and championed a number of progressive causes; could never gain the full support of Progressives within the Republican party |
| Mann-Elkins Act | expanded the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate telephone and telegraph rates |
| Progressive Party | 3rd party formed by Progressive Republicans who supported Theodore Roosevelt for president in the election of 1912 |
| Woodrow Wilson | won the 1912 election and opposed both big business and big government; supported Congress in passing the Federal Reserve Act |
| Federal Reserve Act | established the Federal Reserve system and gave the government greater control over the circulation of money and helped prevent bank failures |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | law signed by Wilson in 1914 that made strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts legal |
| 16th amendment | established the federal income tax |
| 17th amendment | established the election of U.S. Senators directly by the people rather than by state legislatures |
| direct primary | the process by which the people choose the candidates for public office rater than having them be chosen by party bosses |
| referendum | a process adopted by many states in which public officials are elected by popular vote rather than party bosses of state legislatures |
| initiatives | a process which allows for citizens to force the state legislature to vote on a particular issue |
| recall | special elections could be held to remove corrupt officials from office before their term has expired |
| secret ballot | a voting process in which individuals vote secretly, thereby removing fear of reprisal |
| disenfranchisement | act denying a certain group of people the right to vote |
| literacy tests | tests requiring citizens to prove they were literate before they would be allowed to vote |
| poll taxes | required members of a state to pay a special tax before they could vote |
| grandfather clauses | stated that anyone who had voted in prior elections, or whose ancestors had voted were exempt from voting requirements |
| Jim Crow Laws | laws established segregation by requiring whites and blacks to use separate facilities |
| segregation | the separation of races |
| de jure segregation | segregation based on law |
| de facto segregation | segregation which is not officially sanctioned by law but rather evolves due to economic or social factors |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court case; ruled that de jure segregation is lawful as long as the separate facilities/services are equal |
| Booker T. Washington | former slave and notable African American leader who founded the Tuskegee Institute; advocated blacks advancing themselves through economic freedom attained by excelling in teaching, agriculture, and blue collar fields |
| W.E.B. DuBois | African American leader who disagreed with Booker T. Washington and felt that blacks must seek to achieve intellectually as well; advocated legal, social, and political activity on the part of African Americans |
| NAACP | founded by W.E.B. DuBois and others in 1909, the organization devoted itself to the progress of the African American community |
| civil rights | rights guaranteed to citizens under the U.S. Constitution |
| Ida Wells Barnett | advocated of civil rights and women's rights, she is also known for her campaign against segregation on railway cars prior to the Plessy v. Ferguson decision |
Created by:
mbordelon
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