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UND 363 Nervous sys.
UND 363 Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system | Central and Peripheral |
| Does the central nervous system have any connective tissue | only in the meninges and larger vessels |
| what is the meninges | a system of membrans that cover CNS |
| what are the 3 layers of the minenges | duramater, arachnoid, pia mater |
| what is the function of the brain | recieves input from spinal cord, process sensory inputs and output motor responses |
| what are the three main parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem |
| what does the celebrum consist of | 2 hemispheres. the outerlayer is called the grey matter (covers white matter). The nuclei within is called the white matter |
| what does the cerebellum control | psychomotor functions |
| what is the function of the spinal cord | main pathway for info to brain and periperhal nervous ssytem (relay system), conducts motor info to the EFFECTORS (skelegal, glands, etc...) |
| what is the subarachnoid space | it is between the arachnoid and pia matter of minenges and is filled with CSF |
| what is white matter | bands of axons coated with a sheath of myelin (myelin gives the white color) |
| what is the grey matter | cell bodies and dendrites of these cells |
| how is the grey matter different in the spinal cord | white matter is at the surface and the grey matter is centrally located |
| If there are more axon therefore? | there is more white matter (in both brain and spinal cord) |
| what are 4 groups of nerves running down spinal column | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral |
| what tissues make up the peripheral nervous system | all tissues outside the brain and spinal cord |
| what organs make up the peripheral nervous system | nerves and ganglia |
| what are the 2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system | somatic and automonic |
| how many somatic nerves are there and how are they controlled | 12 pairs cranial and 31 spinal nerves (Voluntary) |
| what do the automonic nervous system nerves do | connect CNS to internal organs (INVoluntary) |
| what does the nervous system do | controls, regulates, communicates, thought/learning/memory, works with endocrine to regulate homeostasis |
| what are the components of the nervous system | brain spinal cord, nerves and ganglia |
| that are the three functions of the nervous system | 1 sensory input (monitor changes) - outside (temp/light/sound), inside (CO2, electrolytes), 2 integration - convert sensory to nerve impulses 3 motor function - muscles and glands (effectors) react to nerve impulse |
| what are the 2 types of cells of the nervous system | neuron (conduct impulse), glial/neuroglia cell (provide support and are non-conductive) |
| Neurons do what and have what 3 parts | conduct impulses (don't go through mitosis an therefore if destroyed will not be replace), 1. nucleus, (w/nucleolus, nissl granules and pigment in cytplasm 2.dendrites (cell to cell communication), 3. axon (carries signal length of cell) |
| what pigments are in the cytoplasm of the neuron cell body | lipo fuchsin (yellow/brown) and neural melanin (brown granular) |
| what can axons be covered with | myellin (made of fat) |
| where are myelinated neurons found | ONLY found in peripheral nerves |
| facts about nissl bodies | basophilic, found in cytoplasm, represent rough endoplasmic reticulum (have ribosomes attached that contain RNA, and will appear stippled) |
| What happens to nissl bodies if damage occurs | pattern changes, they first move to the periphery of the cell and then will dissapear |
| what is the loss of nissl bodies (+swelling) called? | chromatolysis |
| facts about neuroglia (IN CNS) | support/protect neurons (produce myelin sheath/regulate environ., outnumber neurons 5-10:1, smaller than neurons |
| what are the 4 types of neuroglia | astroglia, oligodendroglia, microglia, ependymal cells |
| what types of neroglia are found in the Peripheral nervous system | schwann cells (produce myelin sheath) and satelite cells |
| facts about astrocytes | stellate cells (star shaped), have small ovonuclei, open chromatin, and small nucleolus |
| astrocytes are _________in gray matter and ___________in white matter | protoplasmic in gray matter and fibrous in white matter |
| what are 2 functions of astrocytes | form support network in CNA (attach neurons to blood vessels), form scars after injury to CNS (called gliosis) |
| what happens to astrocytes during gliosis | increase in size, develop pink cytoplasm, and the nucleus gets excentrically placed |
| what special stains can be used to ID astrocytes | Cajal (via gold impregnation), holzer (good for gliosis in large sections, PTAH (stains reactive astrocytes but the myelin staining will limit it to the gray matter, IHC - glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) |
| facts about oligodenroglia | most numerous of glial cell, found in grey matter (provied neuron support) and white matter (produce myelin sheath), small dense round nucleus with indistinct cytoplasm, rarely demonstrated, HYPERchromatic |
| how does oligodenroglia provide support in grey matter | make semi rigid connective tissue rows between neurons |
| facts about myelin | formed by oligodenroglia in CNS and schwann cells in PNS, provide insulating layer that increases speed of impulses along axon, are white/fatty containing protein, cholesterol, phoshpholipid and cerebrosides) |
| what stain can be used to demo myelin | luxol fast blue, IHC |
| facts about microglia | derived from monocytes in bone marrow, can destroy microorganisms (brain macrophages), in H&E will appear as small dense rod-shaped nuclei |
| facts about ependymal cells | line central canal of spinal cord and line brain ventricles, form cuboidal/columnar epithelium in spinal cord and low cubiodal epith. in ventricle (both are ciliated epithial cells to help CSF move), form barrier between nervous system and CSF. |
| how can ependymal cells be stained | Iron Hematox methods, PTAH, IHC |
| what stains can be used for neurons | bodian, holmes silver, bielschowsky PAS, beilschowsky m'wave, sevier-munger biel mod. |
| 3 stains for neuroglia cells | mallory PTAH, holzer, cajal stain |
| what stains can be used for myelin | weil, luxol fast blue, luxol fast-cresyl echt, luxol fast-holmes silver, IHC |
Created by:
mustangvxd
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