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BC 351- Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| all cancers originate from | a single cell |
| ____ Americans will develop cancer | 2/5 (half of these will die from it) |
| benign tumor | grows, but does not invade surrounding tissue |
| malignant tumor | invades surrounding tissue |
| metastasis | colonization of other sites |
| carcinoma | epithelial tissues- 80% of deaths |
| sarcoma | non-epithelial tissues (connective, fat, bone, muscle) |
| leukemia | cancerous cells in blood circulation |
| lymphoma | solid tumors of the lymph nodes |
| melanoma | cancerous melanocytes |
| _____ especially increase sharply w/ age | carcinomas |
| the incidence of cancer increases dramatically w/ age due to | the time required to accumulate approximately 6 changes in a cell |
| cancer risk factors (4) | carcinogens, chemicals, physical, lifestyle |
| physical cancer risk factors | radiation (x-rays) |
| lifestyle cancer risk factors | nuns (no children- increased incidents of breast cancer) |
| ____% of cancers appear avoidable | 80-90 |
| the kinds of cancers children get are | the most curable (not carcinomas) |
| 'omics | profiles which genes are expressed in normal cells & in specific cancer cells |
| Gleevec | blocks binding of substrate to mutant ABL cells (leukemia) |
| small molecule drug active area | binds to site thru non-covalent interactions (in place of normal ligand) |
| the process of anti-cancer drug discovery | recently has begun to employ compound libraries produced through combinatorial chemistry |
| targets vs. drugs | targets are enzymes, drugs enter plasma membrane |
| drug resistance is a constant problem in anticancer therapy that can be addressed by | giving patients multiple drugs that inhibit 2 or 3 oncoproteins found in a particular cancer |
| 4 types of macromolecules | saccharides, proteins, membranes, nucleic acids |
| electronegativity of an atom refers to | how strongly it attracts and holds electrons |
| what protein groups clash and what angle can remedy it? | C=O and R groups; psy angle |
| most peptides are in what conformation? | trans (1000:1) ratio trans:cis |
| what amino acid contradicts the cis/trans rule? | proline (4:1 trans:cis) -> steric strain b/w ring structure and other alpha carbon |
| carbon compound functional groups | have properties largely determined by how they interact with water molecules |
| for rxn a->b, what is the effect of decreasing the enthalpy of b 2x relative to a? | there will be more b than a at equilibrium |
| for rxn a->b, what is the effect of decreasing the entropy of b 2x relative to a? | there will be more a than b at equilibrium |
| for rxn a->b w/ A 3x b | delta G will be negative |
| the polar/nonpolar nature of amino acid R groups are difficult to measure using free amino acids because | of the polar amino and carboxy groups at each end |
| how to measure polarity of R groups | but R groups alone in water and organic solvent |
| what is true w/ respect to amino acid composition | proteins w/ different functions usually differ significantly in their amino acid composition |
| most important contribution to a protein's conformation is | entropy increase from the decrease in ordered water molecules forming a solvent shell around it |
| what pairs of bonds w/in a peptide show free rotation? | Ca-C and N-Ca |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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